Effects of static and cyclic compressive loading on articular cartilage plugs in vitro

Palmoski, Marshall J.; Brandt, Kenneth D.

doi:10.1002/art.1780270611

Cited by 243 publications

(122 citation statements)

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“…The frequency of mechanical stimulation can also affect matrix synthesis but this was not examined in this study. We used a stimulation frequency of 1 Hz because other investigations have shown that frequencies between 0.01 and 1 Hz stimulate matrix synthesis [2,7,22,[26][27][28]33,37], whereas frequencies less than 0.01 Hz suppress matrix synthesis [26][27][28]331.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mechanical environment of the tissue regulates, in part, cartilage development and maintenance in viva [17], leading to investigations on the effect of compressive forces on extracellular matrix synthesis in cartilage explants [2,22,33,37,43] and scaffolds seeded with chondrocytes [7,. However, native articular cartilage not only transmits compressive joint loads to the underlying subchondral bone, but also provides a lowfriction interface between the contacting cartilage surfaces of the joint [29].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Long‐term intermittent shear deformation improves the quality of cartilaginous tissue formed in vitro

Waldman

Spiteri

Grynpas

et al. 2003

Journal Orthopaedic Research

163

131

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The formation of cartilaginous tissue in vitro is a promising alternative to repair damaged articular cartilage. However, recent attempts to tissue-engineer articular cartilage that has similar properties to the native tissue have proven to be difficult. The in vitroformed cartilaginous tissue typically has a similar proteoglycan content to native cartilage, but has a reduced collagen content and only a fraction of the mechanical properties. In this study, we investigated whether the intermittent application of cyclic shearing forces during tissue formation would improve the tissue quality. Chondrocyte cultures were stimulated a t a 2'%1 shear strain amplitude at a frequency of 1 Hz for 400 cycles every 2nd day. At one week, both collagen and proteoglycan synthesis increased (23 f 6% and 20 f 6'%1, respectively) over the unstimulated, static controls. At four weeks, an increased amount of tissue formed . Tissues that formed in the presence of shearing forces also displayed a 3-fold increase in compressive load-bearing capacity (stirnulatrri: 16 f 5, unstitnuluted: 5 f I kPa max. equilibrium stress) and a 6-fold increase in stiffness (stirnuluted 112 f 36, unstirnulutc'cl: 20 f 6 kPa max. equilibrium modulus) compared to the static controls. These results demonstrate that intermittent application of dynamic shearing forces over a four-week period improves the quality of cartilaginous tissue formed in vitro. Interestingly, low amplitudes of shear stimulation for short periods of time (6 min of stimulation applied every 2nd day) produced these changes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term intermittent shear deformation improves the quality of cartilaginous tissue formed in vitro

Waldman

Spiteri

Grynpas

et al. 2003

Journal Orthopaedic Research

163

131

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“…29, No. 1 (January 1986) either increased or decreased net GAG biosynthesis, depending on the duration of loading (18).…”

Section: Composition and Glycosaminoglycan Metabolism Of Articular Camentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition and glycosaminoglycan metabolism of articular cartilage from habitually loaded and habitually unloaded sites

Slowman

Brandt

1986

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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The uronic acid (proteoglycan, PG) content of cartilage from habitually unloaded sites of normal canine femoral condyles has been shown to be lower than that from habitually loaded regions, even though the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis is similar. We investigated whether the GAG degradation in unloaded cartilage would be greater than that in loaded cartilage, and we obtained comparative biochemical data concerning the PGs and organization of the extracellular matrix of noi-ma1 loaded and unloaded cartilage. PG extractability (qetermined by sequential guanidinium chloride extracts of cartilage), percentage of PGs forming large aggregates, and hydrodynamic size of the PG monomers (determined by Sepharose 2B chromatography) were essentially the same in loaded and unloaded cartilage. As expected, the uronic acid content of unloaded cartilage was 20% lower than that of loaded cartilage (P < 0.02), while the water and DNA contents of the 2 tissues were not statistically different. There was no difference in the rate of net "S04-GAG synthesis in organ cultures of loaded and unloaded cartilage. Moreover, there was no appreciable difference in the rates of "S04-GAG degradation of loaded and unloaded cartilage, ais determined by "SO4 pulse-chase studies. We have previously shown that selective cyclic compressive stresses applied in vitro to cartilage from loaded areas of canine femoral condyles may increase "S04-GAG synthesis. The present results suggest that the rates of GAG metabolism in loaded and unloaded cartilage under atmospheric pressure in vitro may not reflect the rates which exist in articular joints under compressive loads in vivo.A number of reports have suggested that a causal relationship exists between the proteoglycan (PG) content of connective tissue and the mechanical stress to which it is subjected. Thus, the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of load-bearing areas of dermis (l), articular cartilage (2-5), and tendon (6,7) is greater than that of habitually unloaded areas of the same tissues. Furthermore, it is clear that such differences can be modulated in vivo (8,9). An increase in compressive loading of the normal canine shoulder has been shown to produce an in vivo increase in the chondroitin sulfate content of the articular cartilage of the humeral head (9). Conversely, when loading of articular cartilage is reduced, e.g., by immobilization of the ipsilateral limb, net PG synthesis (8,lO) is decreased and the glycosaminoglycan content (1 1 GAG IN LOADED AND UNLOADED CARTILAGE 89either increased or decreased net GAG biosynthesis, depending on the duration of loading (18).In preliminary studies, we found that the level of net GAG synthesis in normal canine femoral condylar cartilage from habitually loaded areas was comparable with that in cartilage from habitually unloaded areas of the same joint (4). Since the uronic acid content of cartilage from unloaded sites is lower than that of cartilage from loaded regions, we hypothesized that the rate of GAG degradation in unloaded cartilage would be g...

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“…Previous studies have shown that small dynamic oscillations imposed upon strain levels of 10-200/1 at frequencies of 0.002-0.1 Hz stimulate S-GAG synthesis by as much as 50% in cartilage explants [22,33]. In addition, intermittent compression at high duty cycles ( 2 4 s of applied load followed by 2-1 1 s of release) also stimulates sulfated proteoglycan synthesis [24,29]. These results suggest a causal relationship between mechanical loading and matrix metabolism in articular cartilage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Static and dynamic compression modulate matrix metabolism in tissue engineered cartilage

Davisson

Kunig

Chen

et al. 2002

Journal Orthopaedic Research

245

140

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Static and dynamic compression are known to modulate the metabolism of articular cartilage. The present study focused on determining the effects of compressive loading on the metabolism of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (S-GAG) and protein in tissue engineered cartilage constructs. Cartilage constructs were subjected to static or dynamic compression for 24 h and radiolabeled with %04 and 'H-proline to assess the total synthesis and percentage retention of S-GAG and total protein, respectively. Static compression at an amplitude of 50% suppressed the synthesis of both S-GAG and protein by 35% and 57%1, respectively. Dynamic compression at an amplitude of 5'%) had stimulatory effects on synthesis that were dependent on the static offset compression amplitude (lOo/;i or 50%) and dynamic compression frequency (0.001 or 0.1 Hz). Thus, tissue engineered cartilage demonstrated the ability to respond to mechanical loading in a manner similar to that observed with articular cartilage. Mechanical loading may therefore potentially be used to modulate the growth of cartilaginous tissues in vitro, potentially facilitating the culture of functional cartilage tissues suitable for implantation.

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Effects of static and cyclic compressive loading on articular cartilage plugs in vitro

Cited by 243 publications

References 20 publications

Long‐term intermittent shear deformation improves the quality of cartilaginous tissue formed in vitro

Long‐term intermittent shear deformation improves the quality of cartilaginous tissue formed in vitro

Composition and glycosaminoglycan metabolism of articular cartilage from habitually loaded and habitually unloaded sites

Static and dynamic compression modulate matrix metabolism in tissue engineered cartilage

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