Effects of staphylococcal enterotoxin on ciliary activity and histology of the sinus mucosa

Min, Yang‐Gi; Oh, Seung Jun; Won, Tae‐Bin; Kim, Yong Min; Shim, Woo Sub; Rhee, Chae‐Seo; Min, Jin‐Young; Dhong, Hun‐Jong

doi:10.1080/00016480500469016

Cited by 24 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…Pathogens such as P. aeruginosa, H. influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and S. aureus secrete toxins that directly suppress ciliary motion. [566][567][568][569] Pyocyanin, a toxin produced by P. aeruginosa, not only causes progressive slowing, but also makes the cilia unable to respond to mechanical simulation by other factors. 570 H. influenzae toxins destroy cilia entirely at high concentrations, resulting in mucus stasis from ciliary loss.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis

Orlandi

Kingdom

Hwang

et al. 2016

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol

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554

888

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Background:The body of knowledge regarding rhinosinusitis (RS) continues to expand, with rapid growth in number of publications, yet substantial variability in the quality of those presentations. In an effort to both consolidate and critically appraise this information, rhinologic experts from around the world have produced the International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR:RS). Methods:Evidence-based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs) were developed for scores of topics, using previously reported methodology. Where existing evidence was insufficient for an EBRR, an evidence-based review (EBR) was produced. The sections were then synthesized and the entire manuscript was then reviewed by all authors for consensus. Results:The resulting ICAR:RS document addresses multiple topics in RS, including acute RS (ARS), chronic RS (CRS) with and without nasal polyps (CRSwNP and CRSsNP), recurrent acute RS (RARS), acute exacerbation of CRS (AE-CRS), and pediatric RS. Conclusion:As a critical review of the RS literature, ICAR:RS provides a thorough review of pathophysiology and evidence-based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment. It also demonstrates the significant gaps in our understanding of the pathophysiology and optimal management of RS. Too o en the foundation upon which these recommendations are based is comprised of lowerlevel evidence. It is our hope that this summary of the evidence in RS will point out where additional research efforts may be directed. C 2016 ARS-AAOA, LLC. Key Words:rhinosinusitis; chronic rhinosinusitis; acute rhinosinusitis; recurrent acute rhinosinusitis; evidence-based medicine; systematic review; endoscopic sinus surgery List of Abbreviations Used

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis

Orlandi

Kingdom

Hwang

et al. 2016

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol

Self Cite

554

888

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“…61 In addition, the enterotoxin A produced by S. aureus in high concentrations may also decrease CBF of ciliated sinus epithelium by unclear mechanisms. 62 …”

Section: Microbial Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquired Cilia Dysfunction in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Gudis

Zhao

Cohen

2012

Am J Rhinol�Allergy

153

136

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Background: Cilia are complex and powerful cellular structures of the respiratory mucosa that play a critical role in airway defense. Respiratory epithelium is lined with cilia that perform an integrated and coordinated mechanism called mucociliary clearance. Mucociliary clearance is the process by which cilia transport the mucus blanket overlying respiratory mucosa to the gastrointestinal tract for ingestion. It is the primary means by which the airway clears pathogens, allergens, debris, and toxins. The complex structure and regulatory mechanisms that dictate the form and function of normal cilia are not entirely understood, but it is clear that ciliary dysfunction results in impaired respiratory defense.Methods: A literature review of the current knowledge of cilia dysfunction in chronic rhinosinsusitis was conducted.Results: Ciliary dysfunction may be primary, the result of genetic mutations resulting in abnormal cilia structure, or, more commonly, secondary, the result of environmental, infectious, or inflammatory stimuli that disrupt normal motility or coordination. Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have been found to have impaired mucociliary clearance. Many biochemical, environmental, and mechanical stimuli have been shown to influence ciliary beat frequency, and common microbial pathogens of respiratory mucosa such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Haemophilus influenzae have developed toxins that appear to interrupt normal mucociliary function. Furthermore, inflammatory mediators known to be present in patients with CRS appear to impair secondarily mucociliary clearance. Conclusion:The goal of this article is to summarize the recent developments in the understanding of cilia dysfunction and mucociliary clearance in CRS.

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“…A hallmark of CRS is mucociliary stasis, in which bacteria are inadequately cleared. At pathogenic levels of proliferation, bacterial toxins can be destructive to cells and cilia, perpetuating the process of impaired mucociliary function [47]. It is known that sinonasal explants from patients with CRS have an attenuated response to a variety of compounds (bitter and non-bitter) that stimulate ciliary beating in control tissue [48].…”

Section: Bitter Taste Receptors On Ciliated Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Taste Receptors in Airway Innate Immune Defense

et al. 2018

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Bitter (T2R) and sweet (T1R) taste receptors are expressed in the upper airway, where they play key roles in antimicrobial innate immune defense. Bitter bacterial products are detected by taste receptors on ciliated cells and solitary chemosensory cells, resulting in downstream nitric oxide and antimicrobial peptide release, respectively. Genetic polymorphisms in taste receptors contribute to variations in T1R and T2R functionality, and phenotypic differences correlate with disease status and disease severity in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Correspondingly, there are also subjective bitter and sweet taste differences between patients with CRS and individuals without CRS across a number of compounds. The ability to capture these differences with a simple and inexpensive taste test provides a potentially useful diagnostic tool, while bitter compounds themselves could potentially serve as therapeutic agents. The present review examines the physiology of airway taste receptors and the recent literature elucidating the role taste receptors play in rhinologic disease.

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Effects of staphylococcal enterotoxin on ciliary activity and histology of the sinus mucosa

Cited by 24 publications

References 18 publications

International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis

International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis

Acquired Cilia Dysfunction in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

The Role of Taste Receptors in Airway Innate Immune Defense

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