“…Phytic acid can form phytic-protein and phytic-mineral-protein complexes, causing digestive problems (Laining et al, 2010). In addition, phytic acid can also bind to amino acids, thereby reducing the availability of amino acids (Banaee et al, 2013). Due to their inability to produce phytase in their digestive systems, monogastric and agastric fish cannot hydrolyze the phytic acid content.…”