The silicon (Si) anode is considered one of the most
promising
candidates among many novel anode materials in lithium-ion batteries
owing to its high theoretical capacity and earth abundancy. Nonetheless,
a large volume expansion of Si particles appears with cycling, prompting
unceasing breakage/reformation of the solid-electrolyte interface
(SEI) and fast capacity degradation in traditional electrolytes. For
the purpose of tolerating volume expansion for the Si anode, lithium
difluoro(bisoxalato) phosphate (LiDFBOP) was adopted in the standard
(STD) electrolyte based on LiPF6. Density functional theory
(DFT) calculations, Young’s modulus from atomic force microscopy,
potential-resolved in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
(PRI-EIS) measurement, and other characterizations proved that the
formed SEI can inhibit volume expansion of a Si@Graphite@C anode.
In the STD+2% LiDFBOP electrolyte, the solvation structure of Li(EC)2(PF6)1(DFBOP)1 is more likely
to be produced, and this kind of solvation structure has stronger
reducibility and easily participates in SEI formation. The 2% LiDFBOP
additive increases the inorganic LiF component of SEI, which yields
great advantages in regulating the uniform diffusion of Li+ ions passing through the SEI. Besides, the organics containing P
and F atoms are also abundant in SEI, which has greater flexibility
and can tolerate volume expansion of the Si@Graphite@C anode. Therefore,
the STD+2% LiDFBOP electrolyte can improve the electrochemical performances
of Si@Graphite@C/Li half-cells. This work has practical implications
not only for the molecular design of novel lithium salt but also for
the constructions of SEI and electrolyte systems compatible with the
Si@Graphite@C anode.