Effects of Smoking on Oxidative Stress and Vascular Function

Abstract

Tobacco smoking is the single most preventable risk factor related to the development of cardiovascular disease. It was demonstrated that tobacco smoke contains a thousand compounds potentially harmful to human health. As tobacco use declined over time, electronic cigarettes were introduced as an alternative. E-cigarettes are a modern and technological surrogate of traditional cigarettes and use heat to convert a nicotine solution or a flavored nicotine-free solution into vapor. Even though all the ingredients contained in the liquid of E-cigarettes are approved as food additives, the harmlessness of these electronic devices is still not fully proven in humans. The general mechanisms by which smoking results in cardiovascular events include the development of atherosclerotic changes with a hypercoagulable state and an increased risk of thrombosis. Endothelial dysfunction has been recognized as a hallmark of preclinical systemic atherosclerosis and as a useful marker to stratify the risk of cardiovascular disease. Based on these considerations, in this chapter, we (1) discussed the role of endothelial dysfunction and its contributing factors, such as oxidative stress and inflammation, in the development of cardiovascular diseases and (2) reported the studies which investigated the effect of tobacco and electronic smoking on the biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation.

Risk factors and outcomes associated with Left Ventricular Thrombus in patients with Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: An insight from National Inpatient Sample Database

“…It is a well-known fact that social risk factors such as smoking and drug use are known to cause oxidative stress, vascular dysfunction and hypercoagulability [18] . This supports the higher incidence of LV thrombus in patients with significant history of smoking and drug use, which was consistent with the results obtained in our study [ 4 , 19 ].…”

An Analysis of the Links between Smoking and BMI in Adolescents: A Moving Average Approach to Establishing the Statistical Relationship between Quantitative and Dichotomous Variables

“…The considerable differences in the diet between smokers and non-smokers that we discovered suggest that, besides weakening the appetite for food [ 20 ], smoking is likely to change the nutritional preferences of adolescents [ 51 ].…”

“…Moreover, the WHO has reported more than 25 diseases, the course of which is worsened by smoking (particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases and cancers) [ 19 ]. The findings reported by Carnevale et al [ 20 ] show that smokers are prone to an elevated risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases due to substances present in cigarette smoke that promote the formation of free radicals and plaques. The prevalence of smoking in the Russian Federation remains one of the highest in the world.…”

Involvement of Oxidative Stress and the Innate Immune System in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

“…Smoking is another factor that greatly contributes to oxidative stress. It was demonstrated that cigarette smoking impacts the endothelial functions, intensifies oxidative stress, and causes platelet activation [ 105 ]. Moreover, ACE2 expression is increased in response to lung injure and inflammation caused by smoking [ 106 ].…”