An Analysis of the Links between Smoking and BMI in Adolescents: A Moving Average Approach to Establishing the Statistical Relationship between Quantitative and Dichotomous Variables

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of smoking on BMI in male adolescents and explore the relationship between smoking status and diet. Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study into the health and diet of adolescents was carried out based on a representative sample of 375 vocational school male students aged 16–17 in the city of Chelyabinsk (Russian Federation). The students and their parents filled out verified questionnaires on their socioeconomic status, diet, and smoking status. Students’ height and body weight were measured. A comparative analysis of diets was performed between groups of smokers and non-smokers (149 and 226 individuals, respectively), and the relationship between smoking, body mass index, and actual diet was estimated. The methods used included descriptive statistics, Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, comparison of proportions, and moving average. Results: Non-smoking adolescent boys tended to have excess body mass compared with smokers (19.0% and 12.1%, respectively). Smokers (adolescent boys) consumed less meat, cereals, beans, and cheeses and more sweet beverages, added sugar, coffee, and alcohol. The bulk of the smokers’ diet was composed of carbohydrates (p = 0.026) and, to a lesser extent, proteins (p = 0.006). Conclusions: Significant differences were discovered in the diet between smokers and non-smokers (among adolescent boys), and smoking was associated with several indicators of unhealthy diet patterns. This is an important conclusion for developing a future program that could additionally protect at-risk groups of adolescents.

Pola Makan Dan Status Gizi Perokok Di Sulawesi Tengah: Analisis Data Riskesdas 2018

“…In the context of obesity incidence, the role of smoking behavior, either as a risk or a protective factor, is undefined 8,9 . However, other research shows that smokers tend to have central fat accumulation 10 and excess body weight 11 12 , with 110 respondents at a university in Surabaya, Indonesia cannot be generalized to the whole country due to the specific age of the respondents. Meanwhile, mapping all risk factors of NCDs with routine surveillance and research is important to combat NCDs 13 .…”

A Cross-Sectional Study of Oral Health Status and Behavioral Risk Indicators among Non-Smoking and Currently Smoking Lithuanian Adolescents

“…Consequently, a deterioration in periodontal health as a result of smoking may begin even in adolescence [ 32 , 33 ], especially when associated with a high intake of sugary beverages [ 34 ]. Researchers have now proved an association between smoking and a number of unhealthy diet behaviors, including a more frequent choice of junk foods, a higher consumption of energy drinks, and irregular breakfast patterns [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ].…”