Effects of simulated acid deposition on the surface structure of Norway spruce and silver fir needles

Rinallo, By C.; Raddi, P.; Gellini, R.; Lonardo, V. Di

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1986.tb00212.x

Cited by 53 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Schmitt, Rueze & Liese (1987) presented evidence that acid precipitation may be a major cause of the conversion from a crystalline to an amorphous wax structure in epistomatal chambers. Similar effects have been reported in simulated rain (SR) studies (Rinallo et al, 1986;Magel & Ziegler, 1986). Recent work by Percy et al (1990) has provided new evidence that simulated acid fog can interfere with wax biosynthesis and that previously reported ' erosion' and ' weathering' of wax structure due to air pollutants should more properly be attributed to a direct interaction between pollutants and wax synthesis and crystallization at the needle surface, as has been previously shown for crop species (Percy & Baker, 1987).…”

Section: Introduction Winter Desiccation and Drougbt In Tbe Absence Ofsupporting

confidence: 76%

Effects of simulated acid rain on epicuticular wax production, morphology, chemical composition and on cuticular membrane thickness in two clones of Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.]

Percy

Baker

1990

New Phytologist

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SUMMARY Sticklings (rooted cuttings) of two Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.] clones were exposed to simulated rain of 4 pH values (5.6, 4.2, 3.4, 2.6). Rain was applied at 2 mm h−1 for 1 h, three times weekly, for 11 wk starting 1 wk prior to bud break. A range of physicochemical cuticular characteristics were investigated on current‐year needles following 2, 6, and 11 wk of exposure. Cuticular effects were initiated well above the threshold for visible injury (pH 2.6). The magnitude and direction of cuticular response differed significantly between clones. Amount of epicuticular wax recovered was not affected by the pH of the simulated rain. Wax structure was greatly modified at pH ≤ 3.4 on needles from one clone. Changes in wax structure were accompanied by changes in chemical composition, formation of amorphous deposits with increasing rain acidity coinciding with decreases in nonacosane‐diols and increases in estolides. Cuticular membrane thickness was increased significantly (P > 0.001) in one clone and decreased in the other due to simulated rain pH. Such alterations to physico‐chemical cuticular characteristics would be expected to have consequential effects on needle surface properties such as needle wettability and retention of acidic rain.

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Section: Introduction Winter Desiccation and Drougbt In Tbe Absence Ofsupporting

confidence: 76%

Effects of simulated acid rain on epicuticular wax production, morphology, chemical composition and on cuticular membrane thickness in two clones of Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.]

Percy

Baker

1990

New Phytologist

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“…Red spruce needles bave a tbin layer of epicuticular wax tbat can be altered during biosyntbesis (Percy et al, 1990), or could be eroded by acidic mist as in Norway spruce {Picea abies (L.) Karst. ] (Rinallo et al, 1986). Permeability of K"' tbrougb isolated cuticles of conifer needles is bigber for young tban old cuticles (Huttunen, Turunen & Reinikainen, 1989).…”

Section: Effects Before Cold Acclimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acidic mist and nitrogen fertilization effects on growth, nitrate reductase activity, gas exchange, and frost hardiness of red spruce seedlings

1992

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SUMMARYAcidic deposition may contribute to the decline of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) in eastern North America; response to acidic mist may depend on mist content and plant nutrient status. We grew red spruce seedlings with high or low nitrogen fertilization to roots (other elements in constant proportion to N), exposed only shoots to pH 30, high sulphate (10:1, S:N) or high nitrate (1 :10, S:N) mist for 5 wk, then moved seedlings outdoors for cold acclimation. Effects of mist content were found until the third week of cold acclimation. Foliar necrosis was higher after exposure to sulphate than to nitrate mist and greater in older than new needles. Sulphate-misted seedlings had lower new-shoot biomass, shoot water content, and nitrate reductase activity, and higher foliar sulphur levels than nitrate-misted seedlings. They also had greater needle frost hardiness (estimated by electrolyte leakage) at the start of cold acclimation. Effects of fertilization were found throughout the experiment. High-N fertilization increased biomass, tissue N level, and shoot water content, and decreased foliar necrosis from mist. During cold acclimation, high-N seedlings had lower transpiration and photosynthetic rates and higher water use efficiency than low-N seedlings. High-N fertilization increased needle frost hardiness after 5 wk of acclimation and decreased visible needle injury after an outdoor frost. However, high-N seedlings had fewer needle primordia in terminal buds and more bud frost-damage than low-N seedlings. Fertilization, mist content, and their interaction strongly affected seedlings, showing that nutrient status can influence the response of red spruce to acidic deposition and frost.

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“…The micromorphodioxide and acid rain/fog/mist have been found to logical and chemical responses of the epicuticular be more damaging than O3 (Schmitt, Ruetze & wax and the wettability of the needle surface, Liese, 1987;Cape, Sheppard & Binnie, 1995), and together with pollutant accumulation in the needles, acid mist containing S more damaging to the needle were investigated in relation to distance from the surfaces of Norway spruce and silver fir {Abies alba Cu-Ni-smelter emitting SO2 and heavy metals, and Mill.) than that containing N (Rinallo et al, 1986; after two and a half, and/or four growing seasons of Cape, 1994). However, the responses of the needle treatment with simulated acid rain (H2SO4, pH 3), surfaces of blue spruce {Picea pungens 'glauca' heavy metals (Cu, Ni), singly or in combination.…”

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confidence: 99%

Epicuticular wax of subarctic Scots pine needles: response to sulphur and heavy metal deposition

et al. 1997

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SUMMARYThe response of epicuticular wax of Scots pine {Pinus sylvestris L.) needles to dry-and wet-deposited sulphur and heavy metals was investigated at six sites located 10-110 km from the Monchegorsk Cu-Ni smelter on the Kola Peninsula, North-West Russia, and in a long-term irrigation experiment where pines were exposed over four growing seasons (1991)(1992)(1993)(1994) to either acid rain treatment at pH 3-1 (HgSO^), metal treatment at pH 5-7 (Cu and Ni) or a combination of these at pH 3-1. Needle wettability exhibited a closer relationship with epistomatal wax tube distribution (WTD) than with chemical composition of epicuticular wax. Water droplet contact angles (DCA) decreased towards the smelter, and significant differences due to site were noted for 26-month-old and 38-month-old needles. Significant differences due to site were determined for secondary alcohols, dehydroabietic acid and hydroxy fatty acids, the proportions of which ranged from 22-5 to 48-9%, 6-2 to 22-4% and 0-6 to 2-6% respectively, depending on site and needle age class. The proportion of dehydroabietic acid increased towards the smelter, but no gradient was observed in the proportion of secondary alcohols or hydroxy fatty acids. No major effect of experimentally applied pollutants on the chemical composition or structure of the epicuticular wax was observed. The effect of treatment on DCA was significant in 1993 and 1994 due to a 6-5-13-2 degree greater wettability of the 37^9-month-old acid-treated needles relative to the irrigated or dry controls. Sulphuric acid at pH 3-1 did not increase needle wettability when combined with copper and nickel sulphate in similar concentrations. These data indicate that S deposition, especially H^SO^, plays a more important role in needle surface deterioration than Cu and Ni. Pollutant-induced changes in epicuticular wax structure and needle wettability mimic natural wax ageing, but at an accelerated rate. Changes in wax chemical composition might also be caused by pollutant-induced metabolic changes in elongating needles.

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Effects of simulated acid deposition on the surface structure of Norway spruce and silver fir needles

Cited by 53 publications

References 4 publications

Effects of simulated acid rain on epicuticular wax production, morphology, chemical composition and on cuticular membrane thickness in two clones of Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.]

Effects of simulated acid rain on epicuticular wax production, morphology, chemical composition and on cuticular membrane thickness in two clones of Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.]

Acidic mist and nitrogen fertilization effects on growth, nitrate reductase activity, gas exchange, and frost hardiness of red spruce seedlings

Epicuticular wax of subarctic Scots pine needles: response to sulphur and heavy metal deposition

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