EFFECTS OF SHOCK INTENSITY AND DURATION ON THE FREQUENCY OF BITING ATTACK BY SQUIRREL MONKEYS<sup>1</sup>

Hutchinson, R. R.; Azrin, Nathan H.; Renfrew, John W.

doi:10.1901/jeab.1968.11-83

Cited by 39 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…A computer program was used to generate a Catania-Reynolds distribution of intervals for the VI 180 s schedule [65,66]. Inter-reinforcer intervals during the VI 180 s schedule ranged from 6 s to 719 s and were distributed in a semi-randomized fashion across the session.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral changes following PCB 153 exposure in the Spontaneously Hypertensive rat – an animal model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder

et al. 2014

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BackgroundAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder affecting 3-5% of children. Although ADHD is highly heritable, environmental factors like exposure during early development to various toxic substances like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may contribute to the prevalence. PCBs are a group of chemical industrial compounds with adverse effects on neurobiological and cognitive functioning, and may produce behavioral impairments that share significant similarities with ADHD. The present study examined the relation between exposure to PCB 153 and changes in ADHD-like behavior in an animal model of ADHD, the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR/NCrl), and in Wistar Kyoto (WKY/NHsd) controls.MethodsSHR/NCrl and WKY/NHsd, males and females, were orally given PCB 153 dissolved in corn oil at around postnatal day (PND) 8, 14, and 20 at a dosage of 1, 3 or 6 mg/kg bodyweight at each exposure. The control groups were orally administered corn oil only. The animals were behaviorally tested for exposure effects from PND 37 to 64 using an operant procedure.ResultsExposure to PCB 153 was associated with pronounced and long-lasting behavioral changes in SHR/NCrl. Exposure effects in the SHR/NCrl depended on dose, where 1 mg/kg tended to reduce ADHD-like behaviors and produce opposite behavioral effects compared to 3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, especially in the females. In the WKY/NHsd controls and for the three doses tested, PCB 153 exposure produced a few specific behavioral changes only in males. The data suggest that PCB 153 exposure interacts with strain and sex, and also indicate a non-linear dose–response relation for the behaviors observed.ConclusionsExposure to PCB 153 seems to interact with several variables including strain, sex, dose, and time of testing. To the extent that the present findings can be generalized to humans, exposure effects of PCB 153 on ADHD behavior depends on amount of exposure, where high doses may aggravate ADHD symptoms in genetically vulnerable individuals. In normal controls, exposure may not constitute an environmental risk factor for developing the full range of ADHD symptoms, but can produce specific behavioral changes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral changes following PCB 153 exposure in the Spontaneously Hypertensive rat – an animal model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder

et al. 2014

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“…Rather, it is important that there be a description of objectively derived whole continua of reactivity. The value of this ap proach has been demonstrated by the finding that certain lesions of the central nervous system clearly alter force curves without affecting escape thresholds (Vierck, Hamilton, and Thornby, 1971 (Appel, 1968;Cohen, 1968;Domjan and Rowell, 1969;Hutchinson, Azrin, and Renfrew, 1968;Riess, 1970).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT OF PAIN DETECTION AND TOLERANCE IN MONKEYS¹

Manning

Vierck

1973

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Cebus albifrons monkeys received electrical stimulation of the hindlimbs over a wide range of intensities. On trials signalled by a blue light, the animals were permitted to escape shock by pressing a disc, or shock was terminated after 8 sec (free escape). Escape force (disc pressure) was found to increase as stimulation intensity increased well beyond escape threshold, while shock duration curves reached plateau at the mid-range of intensities. The shock duration curves generated by free escape responses should be comparable to pain detection functions obtained by similar operations in humans, and the curves were stable over months of testing, as is generally found in pain-detection studies. On trials signalled by a red light, the animals received intense tail shock immediately after escape responses (punished escape), or, if they endured leg shock for 8 sec without escaping, then they could avoid tail shock with a panel press. The shock duration curves generated by punished escape responses should be comparable to pain tolerance functions as defined for human subjects, and the escape thresholds were considerably higher on redlight trials. As in human studies, the tolerance curves were not stable over repeated testing sessions, and some feature of the paradigm forced a progression toward extremely high levels of tolerance.The behavioral assessment of pain in laboratory animals has progressed from the notation of a variety of reflex reactions following noxious stimulation (Carroll and Lim, 1960;Evans, 1961; Randall and Selitto, 1957;Siegmund, Cadmus, and Lu, 1957) to the measurement of aversion thresholds by operant techniques such as titration (Fields and Glusman, 1969;Weiss and Laties, 1961;Weitzman and Ross, 1962) to the realization that degree of aversiveness can be operationally defined along a continuum of responsiveness that extends over a wide range of stimulus intensities

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“…A efetivação do aparato propiciou o exame mais cuidadoso das características da resposta agressiva de morder (Azrin et al, 1967), assim como a verificação de que tais respostas agressivas ocorrem com maior frequência nos segundos imediatamente após o choque e quando a intensidade e a duração do choque são maiores (Hutchinson, Azrin, & Renfrew, 1968). Buscando aumentar o grau de confiabilidade das medidas, o mesmo tipo de aparato experimental foi adaptado para a pesquisa com ratos: houve individualização do sujeito experimental (semelhante ao realizado por Hake & Azrin, 1963) e aplicação de choques incontroláveis diretamente na cauda, com um alvo à frente do focinho do animal, apropriado para mordidas (Azrin, Rubin, & Hutchinson, 1968).…”

Section: Desenvolvimentos Fundamentaisunclassified

Agressão E Análise Do Comportamento: A História Do Modelo De “Pain-Aggression”

Soares¹,

Neto²

2016

REBAC

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RESUMOOs principais manuais e obras conceituais de Análise do Comportamento (AC) trazem poucas informações sobre os determinantes do comportamento agressivo. Ainda que a AC tenha produzido uma farta literatura de pesquisa básica sobre o assunto, é rara a inclusão desses estudos em trabalhos didáticos e/ou de sistematização. A ausência de tais achados na formação básica dos analistas do comportamento pode ocasionar uma lacuna perigosa para quem deveria ser capaz de lidar com fenômenos comportamentais socialmente relevantes, como a violência. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram apresentar os resultados fundamentais produzidos pela literatura analítico-comportamental sobre agressão e indicar algumas repercussões teórico-metodológicas na produção científica sobre o tema. Os experimentos de AC voltados à investigação deste fenômeno examinaram diversas características da relação entre dor/estimulação aversiva e comportamento agressivo. Essas investigações, desenvolvidas na década de 1960 por pesquisadores principalmente da área de controle aversivo, culminaram em um modelo animal pioneiro no estudo experimental da agressão: o "pain-aggression". Pesquisadores de inclinação mais naturalística do comportamento agressivo questionaram o status desse modelo como central para a compreensão da agressão. O debate entre vertentes não resultou em conciliação entre as perspectivas. Atualmente, o modelo ainda repercute especialmente na pesquisa psicofarmacológica.Palavras-chave: pain-aggression, comportamento agressivo, controle aversivo, história, análise do comportamento. ABSTRACTThe main handbooks and conceptual works in Behavior Analysis (BA) provide little information on the determinants of aggressive behavior. Even though BA has produced extensively on basic research about the subject, it is rare the inclusion of those studies in didactic and/or systematization works. The absence of such findings in the basic training of behavior analysts may lead to a dangerous gap for those who should be able to deal with socially relevant behavioral phenomena, such as violence. The objectives of the present work were to present the main results produced by the behavior-analytic literature about aggression and indicate some theoretical and methodological repercussions in the scientific production on the subject matter. The BA experiments focused on the investigation of this phenomenon by examining many features of the relation between pain/aversive stimulation and aggressive behavior. These investigations, mainly developed in the 1960s by researchers in the area of aversive control of behavior, culminated in a pioneer animal model in the experimental study of aggression: the "pain-aggression". Researchers with a more naturalistic view of the aggressive behavior questioned the "painaggression" status as a central model for the comprehension of the aggression. The debate between the different views did not resulted in conciliation. Currently, the model still reverberates, especially in the psychopharmacological research.

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EFFECTS OF SHOCK INTENSITY AND DURATION ON THE FREQUENCY OF BITING ATTACK BY SQUIRREL MONKEYS¹

Cited by 39 publications

References 8 publications

Behavioral changes following PCB 153 exposure in the Spontaneously Hypertensive rat – an animal model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder

Behavioral changes following PCB 153 exposure in the Spontaneously Hypertensive rat – an animal model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder

BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT OF PAIN DETECTION AND TOLERANCE IN MONKEYS¹

Agressão E Análise Do Comportamento: A História Do Modelo De “Pain-Aggression”

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EFFECTS OF SHOCK INTENSITY AND DURATION ON THE FREQUENCY OF BITING ATTACK BY SQUIRREL MONKEYS1

Cited by 39 publications

References 8 publications

Behavioral changes following PCB 153 exposure in the Spontaneously Hypertensive rat – an animal model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder

Behavioral changes following PCB 153 exposure in the Spontaneously Hypertensive rat – an animal model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder

BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT OF PAIN DETECTION AND TOLERANCE IN MONKEYS1

Agressão E Análise Do Comportamento: A História Do Modelo De “Pain-Aggression”

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EFFECTS OF SHOCK INTENSITY AND DURATION ON THE FREQUENCY OF BITING ATTACK BY SQUIRREL MONKEYS¹

BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT OF PAIN DETECTION AND TOLERANCE IN MONKEYS¹