Effects of Second-Order Slip Flow and Variable Viscosity on Natural Convection Flow of $\left({\text{CNTs}-\text{Fe}}_{}\right)$

Abstract

This study deals with natural convection unsteady flow of CNTs − Fe 3 O 4 /water hybrid nanofluids due to stretching surface embedded in a porous medium. Both hybrid nanoparticles of SWCNTs − Fe 3 O 4 and MWCNTs − Fe 3 O 4 are used with water as base fluid. Effects of hybrid nanoparticles volume friction, second-order velocity slip condition, and temperature-dependent viscosity are investigated. The governing problem of flow is solved numerically employing spectral quasilinearization method (SQLM). The results are presented and discussed via embedded parameters using graphs and tables. The results disclose that the thermal conductivity of CNTs − Fe 3 O 4 / H 2 O hybrid nanofluids is higher than that of CNTs − H 2 O nanofluids with higher value of hybrid nanoparticle volume fraction. Also, the results show that momentum boundary layer reduces while the thermal boundary layer gros with higher values of temperature-dependent viscosity and second-order velocity slip parameters. The skin friction coefficient improves, and the local heat transfer rate decreases with higher values of nanoparticle volume fraction, temperature-dependent viscosity, and second-order velocity slip parameters. Furthermore, more skin friction coefficients and lower local heat transfer rate are reported in the CNTs − Fe 3 O 4 / H 2 O hybrid nanofluid than in the CNTs − H 2 O nanofluid. Thus, the obtained results are promising for the application of hybrid nanofluids in the nanotechnology and biomedicine sectors.

Hybrid Nanofluid Flow in a Porous Medium with Second-Order Velocity Slip, Suction and Heat Absorption

“…The number of nanoparticles in this study is assumed to be 5% (volume of 0.05) for Cu, 2% (volume of 0.02) for Al 2 O 3 and 93% (volume of 0.93) for H 2 O, in order to prepare the hybrid nanofluid form. To validate the accuracy of our current findings, Table 3 listed the comparison of skin friction coefficient analysis C f Re 1/2 x between our present result, Oyelakin et al [18] and Tulu and Ibrahim [20]; while Table 4 presented the comparison of temperature gradient analysis N u x Re −1/2 x between Manjunatha et al [16], Khan and Pop [14] and present finding. Other parameters, including volume particle parameter, are fixed to be 0% in order to perceive the comparison.…”

“…The behaviour of velocity profiles f (η) with second-order velocity slip parameter d 2 is displayed in Figure 5 where we observed the decreasing pattern of the boundary layer flow. Tulu and Ibrahim [20] explained that the parameter of d 2 improves the fluid motion resistance, which decrease the field of fluid flow and the hybrid nanofluid boundary layer thickness. Hence, the consideration of second-order velocity slip condition in the flow of hybrid nanofluid especially in the nanotechnology sectors should not be neglected and derelict as it can plays a very important subject in the respective field.…”

Flow of magnetohydrodynamic blood-based hybrid nanofluids with double diffusion in the presence of Riga plate for heat optimization and drug applications

“…Similarly, therapeutics are delivered to specific locations in the body by functionalizing the sidewalls of CNTs with the right drug molecule. [16][17][18][19][20][21] Heat and mass transfer play a crucial role in drug delivery applications using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) hybrid nanofluids flow. CNTs have garnered significant attention in the field of drug delivery due to their unique properties, such as high surface area, thermal conductivity, and mechanical strength.…”

Analytical analysis of water and engine oil base nanofluid flow with the influence of viscous dissipation and variable viscosity on stretching surface

“…Common working liquids with restricted warm presentations, including motor oils, water, and ethylene glycol, are not as useful for contemporary cooling needs. Base liquids can conduct heat more effectively thanks to the addition of tiny particles, such as graphite, carbides, copper, alumina, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [1][2][3][4][5]. Salari et al [6] investigated the antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles synthesised sustainably from macroalgae, specifically Spirogyra varians.…”