Effects of Salt Loading on Plasma Osteoprotegerin Levels and Protective Role of Potassium Supplement in Normotensive Subjects

Abstract

Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a soluble member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, acts as a decoy receptor of the receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (RANKL) and the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL); RANKL and TRAIL are 2 cytokines of the TNF family mainly involved in bone metabolism; they are also found in other tissues, such as vascular smooth muscle cells. 13 OPG has been implicated in various inflammatory reactions and endothelial dysfunctions, which are also associated with diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. 14-16 Increased plasma OPG concentrations are also related to coronary artery disease frequently accompanied by atherosclerosis, stroke, diabetes mellitus, vascular death, and overall cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. [17][18][19][20] Data are still scarce in the literature with regard to the link between salt intake and OPG. Our study was designed to examine the effects of salt intake and potassium supple-E xcess dietary salt induces adverse cardiovascular and renal effects, as demonstrated in numerous epidemiological, interventional, and experimental studies. 1-3 Hypertension prevention studies have provided supporting evidence that modest reductions in salt intake promote 25% long-term reduction in the risk of cardiovascular events; thus, salt intake is implicated in cardiovascular function. 4 Several mechanisms, including endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin resistance, and neurogenically mediated increase in peripheral resistance, contribute to the harmful effects of dietary salt. 5-9 Potassium likely elicits favorable effects on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. 10-12 Dietary potassium supplementation may prevent the salt loading-induced elevation of blood pressure (BP) by inhibiting the sympathetic nerve excitability, salt-induced insulin resistance, and oxygen-reactive free radical generation. Background: Excess dietary salt is strongly correlated with cardiovascular disease, morbidity, and mortality. Conversely, potassium likely elicits favorable effects on cardiovascular disorders. In epidemiological studies, increased plasma osteoprotegerin (OPG) concentrations are associated with atherosclerosis and vascular deaths. Our study was designed to examine the effects of salt intake and potassium supplementation on plasma OPG levels in normotensive subjects.

Osteoporosis is inversely associated with arterial stiffness in the elderly: An investigation using the Osteoporosis Self‐assessment Tool for Asians index in an elderly Chinese cohort

“…Osteoprotegerin is expressed in endothelial cells and play a pivotal role in vascular calcification and osteoporosis in different populations . In addition, osteoprotegerin may be associated with endothelial dysfunction by inducing the expression of ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1, and E‐selectin on endothelial cells and consequently promoting leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, which is considered to be an early step in endothelial dysfunction . This study is a cross‐sectional population‐based study needs to be further studied.…”

DIA-Based Proteomic Analysis of Plasma Protein Profiles in Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis

“…In addition, previous studies have shown that ECM1 may interact with FBLN1 to participate in the composition of basement membrane proteins, and it may be critical for promoting angiogenesis [34]. Studies have indicated that RBP4 and DST may play a role in regulating endothelial barrier function and integrity in the body [35]. Therefore, changes in the expression levels of these proteins in patients with SAP may be closely related to the development of pancreatitis.…”

Potassium supplementation blunts the effects of high salt intake on serum retinol‐binding protein 4 levels in healthy individuals

“…We recently reported potassium supplementation in normotensive individuals affects nitrogen oxide production by reducing asymmetric dimethylarginine levels during high salt loading 37 . Furthermore, potassium supplementation counteracts salt-associated osteoprotegerin elevation through oxidative stress reduction and endothelial function protection 38 . Overall, potassium supplementation might prevent salt-associated IR by inhibiting the expression of RBP4, which can stimulate the oxygen-reactive free radical generation and endothelial dysfunction.…”