Effects of salinity stress on Bufo balearicus and Bufo bufo tadpoles: Tolerance, morphological gill alterations and Na+/K+-ATPase localization

Bernabò, Ilaria; Bonacci, Antonella; Coscarelli, Francesca; Tripepi, Manuela; Brunelli, Elvira

doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.01.019

Cited by 53 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…When compared to other species, the structural damage of the gills observed in M. sintangense , after it was exposed to the acute toxicity of cadmium at different low salinities (Putranto et al 2014). Therefore, histological and ultrastructural change of gills can interfere with respiratory function and osmotic regulation (Bernabò et al 2013). Tube feet, the unique mechano-sensory adhesive organs, belong to a part of the water vascular system of Echinoderms (Hennebert et al 2008; Santos et al 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of acute salinity stress on ion homeostasis, Na+/K+-ATPase and histological structure in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

et al. 2016

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BackgroundSea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) are an imperiled fauna exposed to a variety of environmental condition such as salinity and studies are urgently needed to assess their effects to guide aquaculture efforts. The effects of acute salinity stress on coelomic fluid osmotic pressure, ion concentrations, the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase in respiratory trees and the histological variations were measured to evaluate the salinity tolerance of sea cucumbers.ResultsSignificant correlations in osmotic pressure were observed between coelomic fluid and ambient environmental salinity. In coelomic fluid, Na+ concentration was observed fluctuated during salinity 18 psu and the inflection point presented at the 6 h. The Na+/K+-ATPase activity in respiratory trees indicated the “U-shaped” fluctuant change and the change trend was opposite with the Na+ concentration. The ions (K+, Cl−) concentration decreased and showed the same tendency at salinity 40 psu with salinity 18 psu. The total coelomocytes counts and phagocytosis of coelomic fluid Na+/K+-ATPase activity indicated fluctuating changes under different salinity stress. Histological variation revealed a negative relation between decreasing salt concentration and tissue integrity. Tissue damages were significantly observed in intestines, muscles and tube feet under low salinity environment (18, 23 and 27 psu). The connective tissue in intestines of A. japonicus exposed to 18 and 23 psu damaged and partly separated from the mucosal epithelium. The significant variations occurred in tube feet, which presented the swelling in connective tissue and a fracture in longitudinal muscles under low salinity (18 psu). The morphological change of tube feet showed the shrinkage of connective tissue under high salinity (40 psu). The amount of infusoria in the respiratory trees decreased or even disappeared in salinity treatment groups (18 and 23 psu).ConclusionThe results inferred that osmoconformity and ionoregulation were seen in sea cucumbers, which contributed to understand the salinity regulatory mechanisms of A. japonicus under acute salinity stress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of acute salinity stress on ion homeostasis, Na+/K+-ATPase and histological structure in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

et al. 2016

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“…A total of 131 species have been recorded and/or examined as adults, 75 as larvae, and only 35 as eggs. There is some apparent consensus in the literature that amphibian embryos are most sensitive to salt, followed by larvae, with adults being most tolerant (Gordon et al 1961;Roberts 1970;Beebee 1985;Padhye and Ghate 1992;Chinathamby et al 2006;Brand et al 2010;Petranka and Doyle 2010;Bernabò et al 2013;Hopkins et al 2014;Thirion 2014), although there are also some dissenting data and evidence that sensitivity can also change with age within a particular life stage (see Alexander et al 2012). This may be due to differences in the physiological abilities and mechanisms of different life-history stages to regulate salt.…”

Section: Degree Of Understandingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may be due to differences in the physiological abilities and mechanisms of different life-history stages to regulate salt. Although very little work has been conducted on embryonic physiology, to the best of our knowledge eggs have extremely limited osmoregulatory abilities (Gosner and Black 1957;Karraker and Gibbs 2011) while larvae mainly rely on ionic exchange through gill and integumentary Na + pumps (Alvarado and Dietz 1970b;Alvarado and Moody 1970;Bernabò et al 2013). Adult amphibians rely on both this integumentary ionic exchange and the ability to hypersynthesize and retain urea to increase body osmolarity (reviewed by Shoemaker and Nagy 1977;Balinsky 1981;Katz 1989).…”

Section: Degree Of Understandingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When explicitly testing this exaptation hypothesis with the toad Epidalea calamita, however, Gomez-Mestre and Tejedo (2005) could find no support for it and concluded that drought tolerance and salinity tolerance may have evolved independently in this species. Support for this conclusion also comes from the fact that the osmoregulatory physiological mechanisms amphibians employ pre-and postmetamorphosis appear to be fundamentally different, with larvae regulating salts through ionic exchange and juveniles and adults primarily relying on the overactive synthesis and retention of urea Gomez-Mestre and Tejedo 2005;Bernabò et al 2013). As the physiological mechanism larvae employ for regulating increased ion concentrations would not work for postmetamorphic individuals facing drought conditions, this decoupling of osmoregulatory mechanisms pre-and postmetamorphosis suggests that drought tolerance and salinity tolerance may have evolved independently (Gomez-Mestre and Tejedo 2005).…”

Section: Origins Of Salt Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acclimation may increase tolerance in these and other species (e.g., Licht et al 1975;Wu et al 2014) through physiological means such as increased Na + /K + -ATPase expression, allowing larvae to more-efficiently maintain osmotic homeostasis (Bernabò et al 2013;Wu et al 2014). The effects of acclimation do not appear to be universal, however, and in some cases may have either no effect (Kearney et al 2014) or even inhibit adaptation (e.g., Hua and Pierce 2013).…”

Section: Limitations Of Salt Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Because the salt concentration of body fluids in aquatic vertebrates differs from that of their environment, they face net influx or efflux of water and salt across their permeable skin or exposed membranes. In fishes, these diffusional movements of both salts and water largely involve the gills. Other vertebrates have less permeable body surfaces, but water and salts are gained in drinking that is incidental to eating prey, which also can be an important source of salt intake. Kidneys function importantly in freshwater fishes to remove excess water, and ions are actively transported inwards across gill tissue as well as acquired in food. Marine fishes tend to dehydrate in seawater, so they drink seawater to make up a water deficit and secrete excess salt across the gills. Marine elasmobranch fishes accumulate urea in body fluids to minimise the gradient for osmotic exchange and secrete excess ions via a specialised rectal gland that functions accessory to the kidney. In other vertebrates, inhabitants of fresh water must counteract a key problem of acquiring sufficient ions while excreting nitrogenous waste as ammonia or urea, whereas marine species must avoid excess salt intake while avoiding dehydration. Vertebrates without gills have evolved either extrarenal salt glands that excrete excess salt, or in the case of mammals, a specialised kidney that can excrete highly concentrated urine. Relatively few, non‐fish taxa drink seawater as a route for water gain, while most others have dependency on dietary, metabolic or free drinking water. Osmoregulation involves the maintenance of volume, distribution and ionic composition of body fluids in organisms. With the exception of hagfish, extant vertebrates maintain osmotic concentrations of body fluids at levels that are roughly one‐third that of seawater. Aquatic vertebrates living in fresh water must counteract excessive influx of water and losses of ions to the surrounding environment, whereas those living in marine environments tend to dehydrate and gain excess salt. Freshwater fishes eliminate excess water by means of producing a copious flow of dilute urine, while acquiring ions from surrounding water by transporter mechanisms located in the gills. Marine fishes acquire needed water by drinking seawater and excreting excess salt gained by diffusion and drinking by transport mechanisms in the gills. Marine vertebrates other than fishes and mammals have evolved extrarenal salt glands that excrete excess salts, and water is gained largely from dietary, metabolic and freshwater drinking sources. Marine mammals excrete salt loads and urea from kidneys that have effective concentrating abilities, while gaining water from diet and metabolism.

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Effects of salinity stress on Bufo balearicus and Bufo bufo tadpoles: Tolerance, morphological gill alterations and Na+/K+-ATPase localization

Cited by 53 publications

References 66 publications

Effect of acute salinity stress on ion homeostasis, Na+/K+-ATPase and histological structure in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

Effect of acute salinity stress on ion homeostasis, Na+/K+-ATPase and histological structure in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

Occurrence of Amphibians in Saline Habitats: A Review and Evolutionary Perspective

Osmoregulation by Vertebrates in Aquatic Environments

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