Effects of Response to 2014–2015 Ebola Outbreak on Deaths from Malaria, HIV/AIDS, and Tuberculosis, West Africa

Parpia, Alyssa S.; Ndeffo-Mbah, Martial L.; Wenzel, Natasha; Galvani, Alison P.

doi:10.3201/eid2203.150977

Cited by 275 publications

(268 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…During the 2013–2016 EVD outbreak, an estimated 10,600 preventable deaths occurred from inadequately managed cases of malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV [2•, 66, 67•]. Meanwhile, infant and maternal mortality rates spiked as hospital and professional-attended deliveries declined [2•, 68, 69].…”

Section: Fear-related Behaviors In the 2013–2106 Evd Outbreakmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meanwhile, infant and maternal mortality rates spiked as hospital and professional-attended deliveries declined [2•, 68, 69]. Added to direct fatalities from EVD (11,325), these preventable “indirect” deaths (around 11,000) effectively doubled the mortality from the 2013–2016 outbreak, raising the death toll to more than 22,000 deaths [2•, 3, 5•, 66, 67•]. …”

Section: Fear-related Behaviors In the 2013–2106 Evd Outbreakmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Fear-Related Behaviors in the 2013–2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak

Shultz

Cooper

Baingana

et al. 2016

Curr Psychiatry Rep

278

239

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The 2013–2016 West Africa Ebola virus disease pandemic was the largest, longest, deadliest, and most geographically expansive outbreak in the 40-year interval since Ebola was first identified. Fear-related behaviors played an important role in shaping the outbreak. Fear-related behaviors are defined as “individual or collective behaviors and actions initiated in response to fear reactions that are triggered by a perceived threat or actual exposure to a potentially traumatizing event. FRBs modify the future risk of harm.” This review examines how fear-related behaviors were implicated in (1) accelerating the spread of Ebola, (2) impeding the utilization of life-saving Ebola treatment, (3) curtailing the availability of medical services for treatable conditions, (4) increasing the risks for new-onset psychological distress and psychiatric disorders, and (5) amplifying the downstream cascades of social problems. Fear-related behaviors are identified for each of these outcomes. Particularly notable are behaviors such as treating Ebola patients in home or private clinic settings, the “laying of hands” on Ebola-infected individuals to perform faith-based healing, observing hands-on funeral and burial customs, foregoing available life-saving treatment, and stigmatizing Ebola survivors and health professionals. Future directions include modeling the onset, operation, and perpetuation of fear-related behaviors and devising strategies to redirect behavioral responses to mass threats in a manner that reduces risks and promotes resilience.

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Section: Fear-related Behaviors In the 2013–2106 Evd Outbreakmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fear-related Behaviors In the 2013–2106 Evd Outbreakmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Fear-Related Behaviors in the 2013–2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak

Shultz

Cooper

Baingana

et al. 2016

Curr Psychiatry Rep

278

239

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…TB, particularly pulmonary tuberculosis, has been a global threat to both humans and animals for ages. It is currently present in a third of the world's population (136), in many cases as latent infections with multi-drug resistance (137). Currently, cases are commonly linked to diabetes, tobacco use, AIDS and/or deteriorated social conditions (138).…”

Section: Environmental Microbes Turned Human Nightmaresmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Evolutionary Advantage to Disease Agents: Forensic Reevaluation of Host-Microbe Interactions and Pathogenicity

2017

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As the “human microbiome era” continues, there is an increasing awareness of our resident microbiota and its indispensable role in our increased fitness as holobionts. However, the host-microbe relationship is not so clearly defined for some human symbionts. Here we discuss examples of “accidental pathogens”, meaning previously non-pathogenic and/or environmental microbes thought to have inadvertently experienced an evolutionary shift towards pathogenicity. For instance, symbionts such as Helicobacter pylori and JC Polyomavirus have been shown to accompany humans since prehistoric times and are still abundant in extant populations as part of the microbiome. And yet, the relationship between a subgroup of these microbes and their human hosts seems to have changed with time, and they have recently gained notoriety as gastrointestinal and neuropathogens, respectively. On the other hand, environmental microbes such as Legionella spp. have recently experienced a shift in host range and are now a major problem in industrialized countries as a result of artificial ecosystems. Other variables involved in this accidental phenomenon could be the apparent change or reduction in the diversity of human-associated microbiota because of modern medicine and lifestyles. All of this could result in an increased prevalence of “accidental pathogens” in the form of emerging pathogens.

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“…91 Even though a promising vaccine candidate was confirmed, there still remains large gap between production of Ebola vaccines and the vaccination demands. There is a huge vaccine demanding in undeveloped countries, but the poor medical infrastructure will interfere development of vaccine forward.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ebola vaccines in clinical trial: The promising candidates

Wang

et al. 2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Ebola virus disease (EVD) has become a great threat to humans across the world in recent years. The 2014 Ebola epidemic in West Africa caused numerous deaths and attracted worldwide attentions. Since no specific drugs and treatments against EVD was available, vaccination was considered as the most promising and effective method of controlling this epidemic. So far, 7 vaccine candidates had been developed and evaluated through clinical trials. Among them, the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virusbased vaccine (rVSV-EBOV) is the most promising candidate, which demonstrated a significant protection against EVD in phase III clinical trial. However, several concerns were still associated with the Ebola vaccine candidates, including the safety profile in some particular populations, the immunization schedule for emergency vaccination, and the persistence of the protection. We retrospectively reviewed the current development of Ebola vaccines and discussed issues and challenges remaining to be investigated in the future.

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Effects of Response to 2014–2015 Ebola Outbreak on Deaths from Malaria, HIV/AIDS, and Tuberculosis, West Africa

Abstract: Reduced access to healthcare during the outbreak substantially increased mortality rates from other diseases.

Cited by 275 publications

References 25 publications

The Role of Fear-Related Behaviors in the 2013–2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak

The Role of Fear-Related Behaviors in the 2013–2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak

From Evolutionary Advantage to Disease Agents: Forensic Reevaluation of Host-Microbe Interactions and Pathogenicity

Ebola vaccines in clinical trial: The promising candidates

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