Effects of resistance training on muscle strength, insulin-like growth factor-1, and insulin-like growth factor–binding protein-3 in healthy elderly subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

The impact of aerobic and resistance training intensity on markers of neuroplasticity in health and disease

“…The included studies did not specifically address which direction would exercise intensity tilt the balance between the favorable antioxidant effects of AT and unfavorable reactive oxygen species-generation with respect to NP (Flockhart et al, 2021;Radak et al, 2013). While the prevailing view is that RT acts primarily through insulin-like growth factor-1 mechanisms and promotes NP in an exercise intensity-dependent manner (Amiri et al, 2021;de Alcantara Borba et al, 2020;Jiang et al, 2020), there is also strong recent evidence suggesting that levels of circulatory brain-derived neurotrophic factor change independent of exercise type, intensity, duration, age, and health history (Babaei and Azari, 2021;Diechmann et al, 2021;Ruiz-Gonzalez et al, 2021). However, the results, including those with RT in particular, are highly inconsistent: some studies across the intensity spectrum reported no changes, increases, or even reductions in insulin-like growth factor levels (Chow et al, 2021;Coelho-Junior et al, 2020;Moreno-Cabanas et al, 2022;Olesen et al, 2021) (Table 2).…”

Biochemical Markers of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging to be Assessed in Clinical Trials of Drugs Aiming at the Treatment of Sarcopenia: Consensus Paper from an Expert Group Meeting Organized by the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) and the Centre Académique de Recherche et d'Expérimentation en Santé (CARES SPRL), Under the Auspices of the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for the Epidemiology of Musculoskel

“…Alone, IGF-1 specificity for the diagnosis of sarcopenia is low, although IGF-1 has shown promising features in diagnosing sarcopenia when combined with a panel of biochemical markers [122]. Nevertheless, studies have shown that IGF-1 is lower in sarcopenic persons [122][123][124], correlates with muscle mass, hand grip strength, and gait speed [30,125] and is increased upon long-term resistance training [126].…”

“…Total IGF-1 is easily measurable through largely available automated methods, and thus, total measurement should be favoured. The major confounding factor Associated with physical performance tests [167] Results are influenced by the ratio male/female [113] Pro-inflammatory factor [168] Muscle-fat crosstalk Modified by non-pharmacological interventions [106,169] Conflicting data [107] Decreased in coronary heart disease [168] Predictive of major outcome (allcause mortality) [110] Decreased in obesity and type 2 diabetes [168] Leptin Increased Associated with appendicular lean mass [103,106,115] Studies in sarcopenic obesity and insulin resistance cohorts rather than normal aging [103,116,119] Influenced by level of adiposity [23] Muscle-fat crosstalk Modified by non-pharmacological interventions [106,116] Highly relevant in sarcopenic obesity [80] Hormones IGF-1 Decreased Associated with muscle mass, handgrip strength and gait speed [30,125] Not accurate enough for diagnosis [122] Decreased with hepatic disorder [170] Anabolic Increased by long-term resistance training [126] DHEAS Decreased DHEAS treatment improve muscle strength and function when combined with exercise [134] Modified secretion is part of aging [171] Modified by diseases of the endocrine system [171] Anabolic Modified by non-pharmacological interventions [133] Cortisol Increased Associate with muscle mass [130,172] Modified secretion is part of aging [171] Modified by diseases of the endocrine system [171] Anabolic Modified by non-pharmacological interventions [133,…”

Oral Contraceptive Use Impairs Muscle Gains in Young Women

“…It has been suggested that the increased concentration of cortisol may be due to inhibited hepatic clearance by contraceptive steroids (46,47). Taken together, the lower levels of anabolic hormones (DHEA, DHEAS, and IGF-1) in the OC group in combination with elevated catabolic hormone (cortisol) may explain, at least in part, why these subjects did not exhibit the same favorable lean mass changes with RET, compared with their non-OC counterparts (2,22,36). The significant difference between OC and non-OC users in muscle gain observed in our study may also be linked to the progestin component of OC.…”