Effects of Resistance, Endurance, and Concurrent Exercise on Oxidative Stress Markers and the Histological Changes of Intestine After Morphine Withdrawal in Rats

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of resistance, endurance, and concurrent exercise on oxidative stress markers and histological changes of the intestine after morphine withdrawal in rats. Methods: A total of 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=6) including healthy control, withdrawal (rat received morphine for 21 days and 8 weeks of withdrawal period), withdrawal + endurance exercises, withdrawal + resistance exercises, and withdrawal + concurrent exercises. The rats practiced endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercises for 10 weeks. Then, their intestines were removed and used for biochemical and histological analysis. Next, several factors were measured such as total protein levels, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidant status (TOS). Finally, the morphological alteration of intestine was examined under the light microscope. Results: Morphine withdrawal significantly increased the levels of MDA in the intestine of withdrawal rats compared to those of the control group while endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise reduced the MDA levels in the intestine. In addition, morphine withdrawal led to a decrease in TAC and GSH levels in the intestine compared to control rats whereas endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise noticeably increased TAC and GSH levels. Interestingly, the change in the concurrent group was more significant. Moreover, the levels of TOS demonstrated a significant increase in the addicted rat as compared to the control group. Conversely, endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise significantly decreased TOS levels and the reduction was more significant in the concurrent group. Finally, the intestine of withdrawal rat was morphologically abnormal while it restored by the exercise. Conclusion: Overall, endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise significantly normalized oxidative stress and the morphological changes of the intestine in withdrawal rats.

Protective effect of zinc sulfate and continuous/interval training on liver oxidative stress in morphine-withdrawal syndrome in rats

“…In addition, treating with ascorbic acid as an antioxidant substance leads to reduce oxidative stress conditions in the liver of rats. Also, it was reported that morphine decreases anti-oxidant and glutathione enzymes in the intestine and liver of rats, which is consistent with our study results (Nagamatsu et al, 1983;Salehi et al, 2018;Sumathi and Niranjali Devaraj, 2009).…”

“…Similarly, Mallikarjuna et al (2009) indicated that regular exercise training significantly reversed the increase MDA and decreases GSH and ascorbic acid induced by ethanol drinking. Also it was reported that endurance, resistance and concurrent exercise significantly normalized oxidative stress and the morphological changes of the intestine in withdrawal rats (Salehi et al, 2018). It is reported that continuous and interval training decreased oxidative damage in erythrocytes of the studied humans (Yunus et al, 2018).…”