Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on behavioral and neurochemical changes in rats during an elevated plus-maze test

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ameliorates anxiety-like behavior and impaired sensorimotor gating in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder

“…Kanno et al [41] found that chronic rTMS, but not acute rTMS improves behavior of rats on the plus-maze, which might involve the serotonergic system. In addition, there are several other biological aspects that should be considered to understand the mechanism of rTMS, including various aspects of stress biology, immune function disruptions, neural structure, and function, as well as circadian rhythms [42].…”

Effects of Acute Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Extracellular Serotonin Concentration in the Rat Prefrontal Cortex

“…The MT intensities when using rats were measured preliminarily (15,29). Rats were anesthetized with 100 mg / kg ketamine intraperitoneally and were transferred to a stereotactic frame.…”

“…The stimulating coil was stereotaxically placed at 2 cm above the head surface. The procedure used to measure the MT intensity was previously described (15). Briefly, electromyograph (EMG) (MEB-5508, Nihon Kohden) electrodes were implanted into a subcutaneous pocket over the left calf muscle.…”

“…A 20-ml sample from each vial was injected directly into a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column and was assayed by using an HPLC-electrochemical detection system. Extracellular 5-HT and DA concentrations were measured by using a previously described method (15,34,35). Briefly, the working electrode was maintained at 400 mV against an Ag-AgCl reference electrode, and the mobile phase consisted of 0.1 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate-0.1 M disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) with 2.31 mM-octanesulfonate and 0.13 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetate-2Na.…”

“…Rex and Marsden (11) reported that the extracellular concentration of 5-HT increases in the frontal cortex during the plus-maze test and that when diazepam, an established anxiolytic drug, is administered, the time spent in the open arms and the number of entries into open arms increase in the plus-maze test and the 5-HT increase is inhibited in the frontal cortex. A three-day series of rTMS treatment increases the time spent in the open arms and the number of entries into open arms during the plus-maze test and suppresses the increases in the extracellular 5-HT levels induced by the plus-maze test (15).…”