Effects of repeated immobilization stress on glutamate decar☐ylase and choline acetyltransferase in discrete brain regions

Gottesfeld, Zehava; Kvetnˇanský, R.; Kopin, Irwin J.; Jacobowitz, David M.

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90267-6

Cited by 35 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A significant reduction in ChAT activity has been reported in the postmortem brains of mentally impaired patients. In addition, Gottesfeld et al showed a decrease in ChAT activity in the hippocampus after repeated immobilization stress [21,22]. However, in the present study, treatment with GR pre-vented stress-induced loss of ChAT-immunoreactive neurons, suggesting that GR exerts beneficial effects on cholinergic neurotransmission in the brain by increasing ChAT activity in the hippocampus.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 75%

Effects ofGlycyrrhizae Radixon Repeated Restraint Stress-induced Neurochemical and Behavioral Responses

Park

Shim

Kim

et al. 2010

Korean J Physiol Pharmacol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Glycyrrhizae radix (GR) is an herbal medicine that is commonly used in the East Asia for treating a variety of diseases, including stomach disorders. The objective of the present study was to examine the anti-stress effects of GR on repeated stress-induced alterations of anxiety, learning and memory in rats. Restraint stress was administered for 14 days (2 h/day) to the rats in the Control and GR groups (400 mg/kg/day, PO). Starting on the eighth day, the rats were tested for spatial memory on the Morris water maze test (MW ) and for anxiety on the elevated plus maze (EPM). W e studied the changes of the expressions of cholineacetyl transferase (ChAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the locus coerleus (LC) using immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the rats treated with GR had significantly reduced stress-induced deficits on their learning and memory on the spatial memory tasks. In addition, the ChAT immunoreactivities were increased. Gor the EPM, treatment with GR increased the time spent in the open arms (p＜ 0.001) as compared to that of the control group. Moreover, GR treatment also normalized the increases of the TH expression in the LC (p＜ 0.001).In conclusion, administration of GR improved spatial learning and memory and reduced stress-induced anxiety. Thus, the present results suggest that GR has the potential to attenuate the behavioral and neurochemical impairments caused by stress.

show abstract

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 75%

Effects ofGlycyrrhizae Radixon Repeated Restraint Stress-induced Neurochemical and Behavioral Responses

Park

Shim

Kim

et al. 2010

Korean J Physiol Pharmacol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This can easily be determined in each experiment by comparing the level of CAT activity in the different experimental groups. Table 1 demonstrates a lack of alteration in CAT activity following pentobarbital or foot-shock, thus fulfilling the criterion and confirming similar results obtained by other investigators (Gottesfeld et al, 1978;Lund et al, 1978). Furthermore, CAT activity has been shown to remain stable for long periods of time postmortem (Spokes and Koch, 1978).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

The Use of Choline Acetyltransferase as a Cholinergic Marker in the Determination of High‐Affinity Choline Uptake

Cooper

Schmidt

1980

Journal of Neurochemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In recent years, considerable evidence has accumulated which indicates that the regulation of the rate of synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) in response to altered demand is governed, at least in part, by the sodiumdependent high-affinity uptake system for choline (HACU), and that this system is confined exclusively to cholinergic neurons (for review, see Kuhar and Murrin, 1978). Furthermore, in vivo changes in the rate of HACU are evident in in vitro synaptosomal fractions isolated from animals that have had their cholinergic system experimentally manipulated. Therefore, measurement of the rate of in vitro HACU can be used to investigate changes in in vivo cholinergic activity (see Kuhar and Murrin, 1978).In making these measurements, however, uptake values have classically been expressed on the basis of tissue protein. While such experiments have yielded results which appear to reflect cholinergic function, the amount of protein in the crude synaptosomal fraction used for choline uptake is not reliably related to the number of cholinergic synaptosomes within a given preparation, and reflects primarily noncholinergic synaptosomes, glial elements, and other subcellular organelles. A more rational system would be to calculate choline uptake values on the basis of a parameter that is related to the number of cholinergic synaptosomes present in a preparation, rather than on an independent variable, such as total tissue protein.Such a synaptosomal marker for cholinergic neurons is acetyl-CoA:choline 0-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6.; CAT). Since CAT activity in the CNS is confined exclusively to cholinergic neurons (for review, see Rossier, 1977) the measurement of CAT activity in the subcellular synaptosornal fraction should yield an estimate of the number of intact cholinergic synaptosomes in that fraction, which can then be used to calculate the choline up-take rate. This paper presents results of some experiments in which CAT activity was used as a basis for calculating the rate of HACU. This method is used routinely in our laboratory, and the results presented here were chosen randomly from a large series of experiments being conducted.

show abstract

“…42) Gottesfeld et al showed a decrease in ChAT activity after repeated immobilization stress. 43) After electroshock, the ACh concentration was found to be reduced in the brain of rats. 44) Mitsushima et al reported that circulating estrogen could directly activate cholinergic neurons to sustain the ACh stress response in the hippocampus of female rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Antidepressant Effects of Soyo-san on Immobilization Stress in Ovariectomized Female Rats

Kim

Park

et al. 2007

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Depressive disorders are among the most frequently occurring psychiatric diseases, and are prevalent in at least 15% of the population. However, the prevalence of depressive disorders is twice as high in women as in men.1) The higher incidence and severity of depression is associated with the presence or absence of ovarian hormones.2) The ovarian hormones related to the menopause-induced depression influence the hippocampal anatomy and physiology; thus, they affect behavior in adult female rats. [3][4][5] The hippocampus plays an important role in the negative feedback mechanism of the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (LHPA) axis. It expresses high levels of adrenal steroid receptors and is especially susceptible to damage as a result of stress. 6,7) In the hippocampus, stress hormones induce regression of the dendritic processes and cell death, inhibit neurogenesis, and impair the ability of neurons to survive noxious stimuli such as seizure, hypoxia-ischemia, metabolic poisons, hypoglycemia and oxygen radical generators.8) The damage caused by a heightened stress response resulting from dysregulation of the LHPA axis is hypothesized to play a role in the reduced hippocampal volume often associated with major depression.9,10) Several neurotransmitter systems implicated in the regulation of the HPA axis have been hypothesized to be dysfunctional in major depression, including acetylcholine (ACh), norepnephrine, serotonin and dopamine.11) The central cholinergic neurons are of putative relevance to major depression. 12)Soyo-san consists of 9 kinds of medicinal herbs: Paeoliae Radix Alba, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Poria, Liriopis Tuber, Bupleuri Radix, Menthae Herba, Glycyrrhizae Radix and Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens. Soyo-san is a traditional oriental herbal medicine, and it has been used in the treatment of mental stress, hypochondriac distensive pain, hysteria and manic-depressive illness. The various findings of recent preclinical studies have supported the therapeutic value of Soyo-san in a clinical setting. 13,14) In laboratory studies of animals, Soyo-san has also been shown to have antidepressive-like effects when using the tail suspension and forced swimming tests. 15,16) In animal models, it was suggested that exposure to uncontrollable and stressful life events led to a feeling of 'loss of control' which ultimately led to depression. In this 'learned helplessness' response, animals exposed to stressors have impaired performance in learning and memory.17)The aim of the present study was to explore the behavioral and the neurobiological effects of Soyo-san on ovariectomized female rats and to form a basis for clinical treatment. Soya-san's antidepressant effect was tested via a Morris water maze (MWM) and an elevated pulse maze (EPM), and we measured the serum corticosterone and immunohistochemical changes of acetylcholine in the brain. MATERIALS AND METHODSPreparation of Drug Soyo-san was prepared by mixing the 9 crude drugs in the same ratio (Table 1). It was provi...

show abstract

Effects of repeated immobilization stress on glutamate decar☐ylase and choline acetyltransferase in discrete brain regions

Cited by 35 publications

References 13 publications

Effects ofGlycyrrhizae Radixon Repeated Restraint Stress-induced Neurochemical and Behavioral Responses

Effects ofGlycyrrhizae Radixon Repeated Restraint Stress-induced Neurochemical and Behavioral Responses

The Use of Choline Acetyltransferase as a Cholinergic Marker in the Determination of High‐Affinity Choline Uptake

Antidepressant Effects of Soyo-san on Immobilization Stress in Ovariectomized Female Rats

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About