Effects of Repeated Episodes of Generic Clinical Mastitis on Mortality and Culling in Dairy Cows

Bar, Doron; Gröhn, Yrjö T.; Bennett, Gary J.; González, R. N.; Hertl, J.A.; Schulte, H. F.; Tauer, Loren W.; Welcome, F.L.; Schukken, Y.H.

doi:10.3168/jds.2007-0460

Cited by 53 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…However, several antimicrobial treatment regimens are available for CM, differing in antimicrobial compound, route of application, duration, probability of cure, and costs (e.g., Barkema et al, 2006). Other treatment options are to use nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) in combination with an antimicrobial treatment (Mc-Dougall et al, 2009) or immediate culling (Bar et al, 2008a). The probability of cure depends highly on the causal pathogen of CM (e.g., McDougall et al, 2007;Bradley and Green, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cow-specific treatment of clinical mastitis: An economic approach

Steeneveld

Werven

Barkema

et al. 2011

Journal of Dairy Science

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Under Dutch circumstances, most clinical mastitis (CM) cases of cows on dairy farms are treated with a standard intramammary antimicrobial treatment. Several antimicrobial treatments are available for CM, differing in antimicrobial compound, route of application, duration, and cost. Because cow factors (e.g., parity, stage of lactation, and somatic cell count history) and the causal pathogen influence the probability of cure, cow-specific treatment of CM is often recommended. The objective of this study was to determine if cow-specific treatment of CM is economically beneficial. Using a stochastic Monte Carlo simulation model, 20,000 CM cases were simulated. These CM cases were caused by Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (40%), Staphylococcus aureus (30%), or Escherichia coli (30%). For each simulated CM case, the consequences of using different antimicrobial treatment regimens (standard 3-d intramammary, extended 5-d intramammary, combination 3-d intramammary+systemic, combination 3-d intramammary+systemic+1-d nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and combination extended 5-d intramammary+systemic) were simulated simultaneously. Finally, total costs of the 5 antimicrobial treatment regimens were compared. Some inputs for the model were based on literature information and assumptions made by the authors were used if no information was available. Bacteriological cure for each individual cow depended on the antimicrobial treatment regimen, the causal pathogen, and the cow factors parity, stage of lactation, somatic cell count history, CM history, and whether the cow was systemically ill. Total costs for each case depended on treatment costs for the initial CM case (including costs for antibiotics, milk withdrawal, and labor), treatment costs for follow-up CM cases, costs for milk production losses, and costs for culling. Average total costs for CM using the 5 treatments were (US) $224, $247, $253, $260, and $275, respectively. Average probabilities of bacteriological cure for the 5 treatments were 0.53, 0.65, 0.65, 0.68, and 0.75, respectively. For all different simulated CM cases, the standard 3-d intramammary antimicrobial treatment had the lowest total costs. The benefits of lower costs for milk production losses and culling for cases treated with the intensive treatments did not outweigh the higher treatment costs. The stochastic model was developed using information from the literature and assumptions made by the authors. Using these information sources resulted in a difference in effectiveness of different antimicrobial treatments for CM. Based on our assumptions, cow-specific treatment of CM was not economically beneficial.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cow-specific treatment of clinical mastitis: An economic approach

Steeneveld

Werven

Barkema

et al. 2011

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Clinical infections present with symptoms of localized and systemic inflammation, including swelling and redness of one or more udder quarters, depression, anorexia, fever and reduced milk quality and production. Clinical cases of mastitis cost $179 per cow (Bar et al, 2008). However, subclinical cases are more prevalent (Barlow, 2011;Haveri et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Major components of orange oil inhibit Staphylococcus aureus growth and biofilm formation, and alter its virulence factors

Federman

Christopher

Biswas

2016

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Bovine mastitis is a costly disease in the dairy industry and does not always respond to antibiotic treatment. The major components of terpeneless, cold-pressed Valencia orange oil -citral, linalool, decanal and valencene -were examined as potential alternative treatments for Staphylococcus aureus-associated mastitis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of all four components against S. aureus was determined after incubation for 24 h. Growth inhibition assays were performed for all effective components on S. aureus for either a 3 h or 72 h treatment. These components were tested for the ability to disrupt pre-formed S. aureus biofilms after 24 h of treatment by measuring absorbance at 540 nm. Cytotoxicity against immortalized bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells was measured using an MTT assay following a 1 h exposure. Only concentrations below the 50 % cytostatic concentration (CC50) were used in an adherence and invasion assay of S. aureus on MAC-T cells, and for measurements of virulence and biofilm gene expression via qPCR. The MICs of citral and linalool were 0.02 % and 0.12 %, respectively, but decanal and valencene were ineffective. Citral and linalool were capable of inhibiting growth of S. aureus after 24 h at their MIC values and inhibited pre-formed biofilms of S. aureus. The concentrations below the CC50 were 0.02 % for citral and 0.12 % for linalool. These concentrations inhibited the adhesion and invasion ability of S. aureus and downregulated virulence genes. Only 0.12 % linalool downregulated the expression of S. aureus biofilm-forming genes. These components should be considered for further in vivo study.

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“…The estimates from the final models were expressed directly as least squares means (LSM) of the probabilities of occurrence of each outcome (Bar et al, 2008). Estimated probabilities were presented as the risk (%) of live culling or death during the period at risk (−14 to 60 d after calving).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of days to conception in the previous lactation on the risk of death and live culling around calving

Pinedo

Vries

2010

Journal of Dairy Science

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The objective was to quantify the effect of days to conception (days open) in the previous parity on the risk of death and live culling (excluding the disposal reasons "dairy purposes" and "death") in the proximity of a subsequent calving in Holstein cows enrolled in the Dairy Herd Improvement program. After edits, 2,075,834 observations of cows calving between 2001 and 2007 in herds located in 36 US states primarily east of the Mississippi river were available. The period at risk included the time between 14 d before expected calving to 60 d after calving. Days open were categorized in 6 periods: 0 to 45 d, 46 to 90 d, 91 to 150 d, 151 to 210 d, 211 to 300 d, and 301 to 600 d after calving in the previous parity. Other variables of interest included parity, length of the dry period before calving, relative last test-day milk yield before dry off before calving, season of calving, and the cow's relative 305-d mature equivalent (305ME) milk yield before calving. Control variables were calving year, herd size, and relative herd 305ME milk yield. All variables were categorized. Generalized mixed models were used and included herd as random effect. Interactions between days open and the variables of interest were included in the models. Least squares means for the risk of death between -14 and 60 d after calving were 2.5, 2.5, 2.9, 3.6, 4.4, and 5.8% for increasing categories of days open. Similarly, for the same categories, least squares means for the risk of live culling were 4.5, 5.0, 5.4, 6.1, 6.9, and 8.1%. The effect of days open on the risk of death was slightly greater for third-parity cows, for long dry periods, for cows with low test-day milk yield before dry off before calving, for spring calvings, and for intermediate relative 305ME milk yield before calving. Similar trends for these interactions were found for the risk of live culling, except for relative 305ME milk yield before calving, where the effect of days open was more pronounced for high-producing cows. In conclusion, increased days open in the previous parity were associated with a greater risk of death and live culling around calving.

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Effects of Repeated Episodes of Generic Clinical Mastitis on Mortality and Culling in Dairy Cows

Cited by 53 publications

References 22 publications

Cow-specific treatment of clinical mastitis: An economic approach

Cow-specific treatment of clinical mastitis: An economic approach

Major components of orange oil inhibit Staphylococcus aureus growth and biofilm formation, and alter its virulence factors

Effect of days to conception in the previous lactation on the risk of death and live culling around calving

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