Effects of Reaction Medium on the Phase Synthesis and Particle Size Evolution of BaTiO₃

Abstract

The low‐temperature alkoxide–hydroxide precipitation synthesis of nanosized crystalline barium titanate (BaTiO3) in nonaqueous media is presented. In this report, we show the influence of the reaction medium on the nature of the product by investigating the reaction of titanium (IV) isopropoxide with barium hydroxide hydrates in 2‐methoxyethanol and benzyl alcohol, respectively. A perovskite phase precipitated only in benzyl alcohol, but not in 2‐methoxyethanol. One molar equivalent of water, present in barium hydroxide monohydrate, was sufficient to hydrolyze the alkoxide and form nanocrystalline BaTiO3. Depending on the water concentration, the process led directly to crystalline powder of particle sizes ranging from 3 to 10 nm, and with a clear correlation between particle size and amount of water.

Obtaining a novel crystalline/amorphous core/shell structure in barium titanate nanocrystals by an innovative one-step approach

“…Fig. This outcome is the significant advantage of the present method in contrast to other established methods [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Since the characteristic bands of the carbonates (867, 1049, 1421 cm −1 ) [23] have not been appeared in our spectrum, it can be stated that the synthesized nanocrystals are carbonate-free and thus highly pure.…”

“…Recently, nanoscale ferroelectric materials have received considerable attention due to their potential applications in microelectronic, communication and integrated optic technologies [9][10][11]. Barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ; BTO) is the most common perovskite ferroelectric material, which has been studied extensively because of its wide band gap and outstanding dielectric and ferroelectric properties [5][6][7][8][9][10][11].…”

“…Barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ; BTO) is the most common perovskite ferroelectric material, which has been studied extensively because of its wide band gap and outstanding dielectric and ferroelectric properties [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. A large number of researches regarding the synthesis of nanoscale BTO crystals using different synthesis methods are available in the literature [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].The BTO synthesis pathways reported in the last years can be divided into (1) solid state reaction methods such as mixed oxide method [18][19], and (2) wet-chemical methods such as sol-gel, precipitation, hydrothermal and sonochemical processing methods [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][20][21][22][23]. A large number of researches regarding the synthesis of nanoscale BTO crystals using different synthesis methods are available in the literature [5][6]…”

Influence of Solution Properties and Process Parameters on the Formation and Morphology of YSZ and NiO Ceramic Nanofibers by Electrospinning

“…The lower conductivity results from the lower polarity of the latter solvents compared to water, which reduces the degree of dissociation of metal salts, and the smaller acid dissociation constant of the respective solvents. Moreover, 2-ME is widely used as a complexing agent for the stabilization of metal ions and metal alkoxide precursors [ 26 , 27 ]. Complexing agents can reduce the concentration of unbound ions in the solution and, consequently, lower the conductivity.…”

A new route to nanoscale ceramics in asymmetric reaction fields of carbon nanospaces

“…Much attention has focused on the preparation of nanoscale BaTiO 3 by hydrothermal, solvothermal, sol-gel, and chemical precipitation methods instead of BaTiO 3 crystal preparation by hightemperature solid-state reactions. [13][14][15][16][17] Sol-gel and sol-gel solvothermal reactions have the advantage of uniform nanoscale crystal productions. 10,13,18,19 Here, we describe size-dependent nanocrystalline phases of BaTiO 3 and BaTiO 3 with an anomalous structure, prepared under asymmetric reaction elds in the nanospaces of activated carbon bers (ACFs), which are known to have abundant carbon nanospaces, with strong molecular elds for adsorption, separation, storage, and chemical reactions.…”