“… 140 Although a comprehensive review of general PPI adverse events is beyond the scope of this article, it is important to note that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has specifically cautioned PPI standard dose users on the risks for Clostridioides (formerly clostridium) difficile infection, 141 bone fractures 142 and hypomagnesemia. 143 There have been numerous meta-analyses for standard dose PPI therapy citing both associations and lack of association of PPI use and pneumonia, 144–148 other enteric infections, 149–151 gastric atrophy and cancer, 152–154 chronic kidney disease, 155–159 diabetes, 160 , 161 chronic obstructive lung disease, 162 , 163 dementia, 164–169 cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular events, 170–175 and all-cause mortality. 176–180 However, it is likely that most of the reported potential risks are due to residual confounding within the study design, 180–183 and a large-scale, industry sponsored randomized controlled trial recently emphasized the safety of this medication class and refuted most of the prior proposed associations.…”