“…Human psychological tests of WM such as the "n-back" task measure temporary retention and on-line manipulation of mental representation (Gevins et al 1990). In non-human primates, analogous tasks such as spatial delayed alternation have been successfully implemented to study WM (Goldman-Rakic 1987).…”
These findings suggest that activation of NMDA receptors is necessary for the formation of mnemonic encoding while modulatory components involving slow asynchronous release of glutamate and phasic release of dopamine contribute to the active maintenance of information during the delay period.
“…Human psychological tests of WM such as the "n-back" task measure temporary retention and on-line manipulation of mental representation (Gevins et al 1990). In non-human primates, analogous tasks such as spatial delayed alternation have been successfully implemented to study WM (Goldman-Rakic 1987).…”
These findings suggest that activation of NMDA receptors is necessary for the formation of mnemonic encoding while modulatory components involving slow asynchronous release of glutamate and phasic release of dopamine contribute to the active maintenance of information during the delay period.
“…Working memory was assessed with a spatial "N-back" continuous performance task (Gevins et al 1990). Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that such tasks activate circuitry in the frontal lobes (Jonides et al 1993;McCarthy et al 1994), and patients with frontal lobe pathology show deficits on such tasks (McCallister et al 2001;Perlstein et al 2003).…”
The results suggest that marijuana disrupted both sustained and transient attention processes resulting in impaired memory task performance. In subjects most affected by marijuana a pronounced ERP difference between previously studied words and new distracter words was also reduced, suggesting disruption of neural mechanisms underlying memory for recent study episodes.
“…For example, the working memory task described above was used to determine predictive, leading indicator neuroelectric signs of mental fatigue due to extended sessions of task performance (Gevins et al, 1990b).…”
Section: Epcs Related To Preparatory Processesmentioning
Subsecond temporal resolution is necessary to resolve the changes in brain activity that are associated with task-related cognitive processes, Evoked potentials (EPs) provide the requisite millisecondrange temporal resolution, and do so with nonencumbering recordings at a reasonably low cost. These features would seem to make EPs the ideal complement to structural and functional magnetic resonance images (MRIs) and positron emission tomography (PET). However, until recently, the utility of EPs has been limited by their poor spatial resolution. Sufficient spatial correspondence has not existed between EPs and other brain imaging modalities to determine unambiguously the relationship between a sequence of EP components and structures visualized by MRI or PET. We describe progress that has been made toward overcoming this obstacle by registering electrophysiological data with anatomical information from each subject's MRI, by improving the spatial resolution of the EP, and by using analytic methods for measuring the spatiotemporal dynamics of distributed neurocognitive processes. The use of these techniques is illustrated by reviewing several experiments in which sequences of component neural processes were measured during cognitive tasks. D
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