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The objective of this study was to determine if a music-based intervention could be successfully used by a group of law enforcement officers and firefighters to improve measures of sleep quality, mood, and daytime function. The Wellness Program Study included 41 male and female first responders who volunteered to participate in the 8-week study investigating the use of a music-based neurofeedback therapy known as Brain Music (BM). Creating the individualized BM recordings required 5 min of brain wave activity from 4 sensors located at F3, F4, C3 and C4 sites. The music consisted of two MP3 files, one for activating and the other for relaxing, where the ratios of peak frequencies in the delta (1-4 Hz) through beta (up to 30 Hz) EEG bands were used to select the notes used and their characteristics (e.g., duration, pitch, amplitude, and symmetry) as a means to individualize the compositions for each subject. Results of the study indicated statistically significant improvements in 4 behavioral measures: sleep quality (94%), insomnia (89%), mood (74%), and daytime function (82%). These results extend earlier insomnia research of music therapy applications from the clinic into an operational setting and lay the groundwork to address many questions concerning neurofeedback interventions targeting stress management and improved job performance. The implication of this study goes beyond the utility of BM in the first responder setting to a broader audience because many persons suffer from sleep problems that negatively impact daytime function and work performance.

Subsecond temporal resolution is necessary to resolve the changes in brain activity that are associated with task-related cognitive processes, Evoked potentials (EPs) provide the requisite millisecondrange temporal resolution, and do so with nonencumbering recordings at a reasonably low cost. These features would seem to make EPs the ideal complement to structural and functional magnetic resonance images (MRIs) and positron emission tomography (PET). However, until recently, the utility of EPs has been limited by their poor spatial resolution. Sufficient spatial correspondence has not existed between EPs and other brain imaging modalities to determine unambiguously the relationship between a sequence of EP components and structures visualized by MRI or PET. We describe progress that has been made toward overcoming this obstacle by registering electrophysiological data with anatomical information from each subject's MRI, by improving the spatial resolution of the EP, and by using analytic methods for measuring the spatiotemporal dynamics of distributed neurocognitive processes. The use of these techniques is illustrated by reviewing several experiments in which sequences of component neural processes were measured during cognitive tasks. D

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