Effects of probiotics on salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines: a systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical trials

Ebrahimpour-Koujan, Soraiya; Milajerdi, Alireza; Larijani, Bagher; Esmaillzadeh, Ahmad

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67037-y

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…One study even demonstrated a decrease in salivary sIgA after Bifidobacterium-containing probiotic intake [ 57 ]. A meta-analysis by Ebrahimpour et al demonstrated no significant effect of probiotic intake on salivary sIgA levels compared to placebo [ 58 ], which is in line with our results. In the present study, the analysis of variance showed that neither the time factor (baseline/outcome/washout) nor the group factor (probiotic/placebo) affected the salivary sIgA levels.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Differences in the effects of probiotics on various health indicators may be explained by the age of participants. In the studies involving elderly people, antibody responses might be different from healthy adults [ 58 ]. Moreover, intra- and inter-individual variations in saliva volume and its contents are influenced by a variety of factors, such as cigarette smoking [ 47 , 54 ], chronic and acute stress [ 47 , 54 , 58 ], depression [ 47 , 54 ], and circadian variation [ 47 , 65 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A four-week intake of probiotics and two-week washout period are relatively short periods for the assessment of the effect of probiotics; however, similar timepoints were used in the previous studies [ 47 , 54 , 84 ]. Moreover, although probiotics may affect different salivary components [ 25 , 58 , 63 , 85 ], we assessed the influence of probiotics on a single salivary protein (sIgA), having hypothesized that this parameter would be the most sensitive one to probiotic intake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Oral Probiotics (Streptococcus Salivarius k12) on the Salivary Level of Secretory Immunoglobulin A, Salivation Rate, and Oral Biofilm: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial

et al. 2022

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We aimed to assess the effect of oral probiotics containing the Streptococcus salivarius K12 strain on the salivary level of secretory immunoglobulin A, salivation rate, and oral biofilm. Thirty-one consenting patients meeting the inclusion criteria were recruited in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-arm, parallel-group study and randomly divided into probiotic (n = 15) and placebo (n = 16) groups. Unstimulated salivation rate, concentration of salivary secretory immunoglobulin A, Turesky index, and Papillary-Marginal-Attached index were assessed after 4 weeks of intervention and 2 weeks of washout. Thirty patients completed the entire study protocol. We found no increase in salivary secretory immunoglobulin A levels and salivary flow rates in the probiotic group compared with placebo. Baseline and outcome salivary secretory immunoglobulin A concentrations (mg/L) were 226 ± 130 and 200 ± 113 for the probiotic group and 205 ± 92 and 191 ± 97 for the placebo group, respectively. A significant decrease in plaque accumulation was observed in the probiotic group at 4 and 6 weeks. Within the limitations of the present study, it may be concluded that probiotic intake (Streptococcus salivarius K12) does not affect salivation rates and secretory immunoglobulin A salivary levels but exhibits a positive effect on plaque accumulation. Trial registration NCT05039320. Funding: none.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Oral Probiotics (Streptococcus Salivarius k12) on the Salivary Level of Secretory Immunoglobulin A, Salivation Rate, and Oral Biofilm: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial

et al. 2022

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“…It presumed that viable strains CP-9, AP-32, and ET-66 might induce B-cell secreting IL-10 and TFG-beta to increase salivary IgA level. However, the correlation between salivary IL-10, TFG-beta and salivary IgA should be tested further [26]. Besides, whether heat-killed probiotic elevated IgA via inducing IL-10 and TFG-beta are still unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viable and Heat-Killed Probiotic Strains Improve Oral Immunity by Elevating the IgA Concentration in the Oral Mucosa

et al. 2021

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Oral-nasal mucosal immunity plays a crucial role in protecting the body against bacterial and viral invasion. Safe probiotic products have been used to enhance human immunity and oral health. In this study, we verified the beneficial effects of mixed viable probiotic tablets, consisting of Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CP-9, and Lactobacillus paracasei ET-66, and heat-killed probiotic tablets, consisting of L. salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32 and L. paracasei ET-66, on oral immunity among 45 healthy participants. Participants were randomly divided into viable probiotic, heat-killed probiotic, and placebo groups. The administration of treatment lasted for 4 weeks. Saliva samples were collected at Weeks 0, 2, 4, and 6, and Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus mutans populations and IgA concentration were measured. IgA concentrations, levels of TGF-beta and IL-10 in PBMCs cells were quantified by ELISA method. Results showed that salivary IgA levels were significantly increased on administration of both the viable (119.30 ± 12.63%, ***P < 0.001) and heat-killed (116.78 ± 12.28%, ***P < 0.001) probiotics for 4 weeks. Among three probiotic strains, AP-32 would effectively increase the levels of TGF-beta and IL-10 in PBMCs. The oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans was significantly reduced on viable probiotic tablet administration (49.60 ± 31.01%, ***P < 0.001). The in vitro antibacterial test confirmed that viable probiotics effectively limited the survival rate of oral pathogens. Thus, this clinical pilot study demonstrated that oral probiotic tablets both in viable form or heat-killed form could exert beneficial effects on oral immunity via IL-10, TGB-beta mediated IgA secretion. The effective dosage of viable probiotic content in the oral tablet was 109 CFUs/g and the heat-killed oral tablet was 1 × 1010 cells/g.

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“…40 A recent meta-analysis concluded that there is no significant change in salivary IgA concentrations after oral probiotic supplementation. 41 L. rhamnosus is found to increase the number of IgA producing cells. 42 Secretory IgA enhanced the anti-inflammatory property of L. rhamnosus by conditioning mucosal dendritic cells and improving their tolerogenic profiles essential for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.…”

Section: Ta B L Ementioning

confidence: 91%

Probiotic mouthwash as an adjunct to mechanical therapy in the treatment of stage II periodontitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Ambili

Nazimudeen

Baiju

2022

Int J Dental Hygiene

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Objectives Dysbiosis of oral microbiome play an integral role in periodontitis. Bacterial balance is an important aspect of host defence. Mechanical debridement alone is insufficient to manage many cases. Probiotics are a novel adjunctive strategy, but the beneficial effects of probiotics in the management of moderate periodontitis have not been evaluated before. The objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy of probiotic mouth rinse of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium longum and Saccharomyces boulardii as an adjunct to mechanical debridement in grade II periodontitis. The study also evaluated change in salivary pH and IgA in both groups. Methods The study was registered under Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI NO: CTRI/2019/10/021630). 60 patients with stage II periodontitis were randomized into probiotic and placebo group (n = 30 in each group) after mechanical debridement. Patients were instructed to use mouth rinse twice a day for 30 days. Periodontal parameters (Plaque index, Gingival index, Pocket depth and clinical attachment level) were recorded at baseline, after 1 and 3 months. Salivary pH was tested using a pH metre and IgA using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results Significant improvement in all clinical parameters were noted in both the groups after 1 and 3 months. Intergroup comparison revealed significant difference in gingival index, probing depth and clinical attachment gain. Significant elevation of salivary IgA and pH was noticed in probiotic group in contrast to placebo group. Conclusion The present study supports the use of probiotic mouthwash as an adjunct to mechanical therapy for the management of stage II periodontitis.

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Effects of probiotics on salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines: a systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical trials

Cited by 9 publications

References 36 publications

The Effect of Oral Probiotics (Streptococcus Salivarius k12) on the Salivary Level of Secretory Immunoglobulin A, Salivation Rate, and Oral Biofilm: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial

The Effect of Oral Probiotics (Streptococcus Salivarius k12) on the Salivary Level of Secretory Immunoglobulin A, Salivation Rate, and Oral Biofilm: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial

Viable and Heat-Killed Probiotic Strains Improve Oral Immunity by Elevating the IgA Concentration in the Oral Mucosa

Probiotic mouthwash as an adjunct to mechanical therapy in the treatment of stage II periodontitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial

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