The Effect of Oral Probiotics (Streptococcus Salivarius k12) on the Salivary Level of Secretory Immunoglobulin A, Salivation Rate, and Oral Biofilm: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract

We aimed to assess the effect of oral probiotics containing the Streptococcus salivarius K12 strain on the salivary level of secretory immunoglobulin A, salivation rate, and oral biofilm. Thirty-one consenting patients meeting the inclusion criteria were recruited in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-arm, parallel-group study and randomly divided into probiotic (n = 15) and placebo (n = 16) groups. Unstimulated salivation rate, concentration of salivary secretory immunoglobulin A, Turesky index, and Papillary-Marginal-Attached index were assessed after 4 weeks of intervention and 2 weeks of washout. Thirty patients completed the entire study protocol. We found no increase in salivary secretory immunoglobulin A levels and salivary flow rates in the probiotic group compared with placebo. Baseline and outcome salivary secretory immunoglobulin A concentrations (mg/L) were 226 ± 130 and 200 ± 113 for the probiotic group and 205 ± 92 and 191 ± 97 for the placebo group, respectively. A significant decrease in plaque accumulation was observed in the probiotic group at 4 and 6 weeks. Within the limitations of the present study, it may be concluded that probiotic intake (Streptococcus salivarius K12) does not affect salivation rates and secretory immunoglobulin A salivary levels but exhibits a positive effect on plaque accumulation. Trial registration NCT05039320. Funding: none.

Use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 in supporting the mucosal immune function of active young subjects: A randomised double-blind study

“…Accordingly, during the 30 days of supplementation, we recorded only eight and four mild-severity URTI events in the control and treated groups, respectively. Interestingly, Babina et al (17) recently reported that 4 weeks of S. salivarius K12 supplementation did not affect the sIgA production, secretion, and salivary flux in healthy subjects. The different modality of S. salivarius K12 supplementation between our study and that of Babina et al (17), which included 2-weeks of probiotic washout, might at least partially explain the divergent results.…”

“…Interestingly, Babina et al (17) recently reported that 4 weeks of S. salivarius K12 supplementation did not affect the sIgA production, secretion, and salivary flux in healthy subjects. The different modality of S. salivarius K12 supplementation between our study and that of Babina et al (17), which included 2-weeks of probiotic washout, might at least partially explain the divergent results. Moreover, all subjects recruited in the present study were moderately trained and continued their recreational physical activities during the S. salivarius K12 supplementation period.…”

“…In the last years, oral probiotics' use to promote oral health, salivary flow rate and sIgA contents gained increasing attention due to the possibility of preventing dental caries (17) and oral episodes of streptococcal and tonsillitis pharyngeal infections (18). This approach, based on a precision probiotics strategy (19), has also been defined as "bacterial therapy" or "bioprotic therapy" (18).…”

Global trends of Helicobacter pylori biofilm research in the past two decades: A bibliometric study

“…36 However, the recent study that used 24 H. pylori strains with different sensitivities (levo oxacin, clarithromycin and metronidazole ) by the micro uidic system for the rst time, con rming that the bio lm ability of multidrug-resistant H. pylori strain was the strongest. 37 In addition, new drugs for helicobacter pylori bio lm intervention have emerged in large numbers recently, such as nanomaterials, chinese herbal extracts, probiotics, etc. [38][39][40][41][42] Helicobacter bio lm remained a niche eld of study.…”

The Oral Microbiota in Valvular Heart Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

“…Immunoglobulin A (IgA) can be found at the salivary level and has an essential role in caries prevention. Unfortunately, the Streptococcus salivarus K12 strain did not impact the salivation rate or the secretion of IgA [ 120 ].…”