Effects of Probiotic Culture Supernatant on Cariogenic Biofilm Formation and RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Abstract

Postbiotics are a promising functional ingredient that can overcome the limitations of viability and storage stability that challenge the production of probiotics. To evaluate the effects of postbiotics on oral health, eight spent culture supernatants (SCSs) of probiotics were prepared, and the effects of SCSs on Streptococcus mutans-induced cariogenic biofilm formation and the receptor activator of the nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis were evaluated in RAW 264.7 macrophages. SCS of Lactobacillus salivarius MG4265 reduced S. mutans-induced biofilm formation by 73% and significantly inhibited tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, which is a biomarker of mature osteoclasts in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The suppression of RANKL-induced activation of mitogen activated the protein kinases (c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38) and nuclear factor κB pathways, as well as the upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 expression. The suppression of RANK-L-induced activation of mitogen also inhibited the expression of transcriptional factors (c-fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1) and, subsequently, osteoclastogenesis-related gene expression (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP), cathepsin K, and matrix metalloproteinase-9).Therefore, SCS of L. salivarius MG4265 has great potential as a multifunctional oral health ingredient that inhibits biofilm formation and suppresses the alveolar bone loss that is associated with periodontitis.

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Influenced by Postbiotics

“…Both NF-κB and MAPK pathways are triggered by a common group of PRRs, and thus, the downstream events may be affected simultaneously, leading to the attenuated inflammatory response through decreased NF-κB activity and MAPK phosphorylation. This has been observed for HKB and CSF and also isolated postbiotic factors such as 8.7 kDa proteins from L. plantarum 10hk2 CFS [96], L. rhamnosus LGG-derived DNA [97], HKB of Weissella cibaria JW15 [98], and CFS of L. salivarius MG4265 [99]. In all of these studies, the decreased NF-κB activity (inhibition of IκBα degradation and/or translocation) and p38 phosphorylation were observed.…”

Evaluation of the antibacterial effects and mechanism of Plantaricin 149 from Lactobacillus plantarum NRIC 149 on the peri-implantitis pathogens

“…Previous studies have shown that Lactobacillus reuteri could more effectively alleviate patients’ symptoms, improve the microbial environment around the implant, and exert a better therapeutic effect on PI 28 . The study of Jae-In Jung showed that Lactobacillus plantarum has great potential as a multifunctional oral health ingredient that inhibits biofilm formation and suppresses the alveolar bone loss associated with periodontitis 29 . However, the relevant studies have not indicated the substances and mechanisms involved.…”

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Effects and Mechanism of Plantaricin 149 from Lactobacillus Plantarum NRIC 149 on the Peri-Implantitis Pathogens

“…Previous studies have shown that Lactobacillus reuteri could more effectively alleviate patients' symptoms, improve the microbial environment around the implant, and exert a better therapeutic effect on PI 21 . The study of Jae-In Jung showed that Lactobacillus plantarum has great potential as a multifunctional oral health ingredient that inhibits bio lm formation and suppresses the alveolar bone loss associated with periodontitis 22 . However, the relevant studies have not indicated the substances and mechanisms involved.…”