Effects of prior access and environmental enrichment on stereotypy

Rapp, John T.

doi:10.1002/bin.166

Cited by 35 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…Interestingly, each participant displayed high levels of what was arguably a more salient form of stereotypy during TV (with visual and audio) than during No TV (low ambient stimulation). This finding is consistent with previous studies (Carter et al, 2004;Rapp, 2004;Van Camp et al, 2000) and is potentially important because it suggests that merely enriching the environment with preferred stimulation may produce undesirable effects on automatically reinforced behavior. Specifically, the The highest probability stereotypy prior to the TO body rock phase.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Although a recent review by Rapp and Vollmer (in press) concluded that most forms of stereotypy are automatically reinforced, little is known about specific antecedent events that may influence automatically reinforced behavior. In fact, the antecedent event that most often associated with stereotypy is 'low environmental stimulation' with and without reference to social and tangible reinforcers (e.g., Berkson & Davenport, 1962;Berkson & Mason, 1963, 1964Emerson, Hatton, Robertson, Henderson, & Cooper, 1999;Hall, Thorns, & Oliver, 2003;Horner, 1980;Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, & Richman, 1982/1994.A handful of studies have shown that the presence of a particular, often preferred, stimulus sets the occasion for some individuals to engage in automatically reinforced problem behavior (Carter, Devlin, Doggett, Harber, & Barr, 2004;Friman, 2000 Rapp, 2004;Van Camp et al, 2000). Friman demonstrated that a young child engaged in thumb sucking only when he held a small cloth.…”

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confidence: 98%

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Some effects of audio and visual stimulation on multiple forms of stereotypy

Rapp

2005

Behav. Intervent.

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Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of audio and visual stimulation, alone or in combination, on the behavior of three children who displayed multiple forms of stereotypy (e.g., hand mouthing, body rocking). The results of experiment 1 showed that all three participants displayed different forms of stereotypy when audio and visual stimulation were provided versus when no stimulation was provided. The results of experiments 2 and 3 showed that the form of one participant's stereotypy, but not the other two, changed when visual stimulation and audio stimulation were presented separately. Overall, the results suggest that ambient stimulation may influence both the form of and time allocation to stereotypy. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. INTRODUCTION'Stereotypy' typically refers to behavior that persists across time, involves repetitious movement of one or more body parts, and is relatively invariant in topography or form (e.g., Berkson, 1983). Although a recent review by Rapp and Vollmer (in press) concluded that most forms of stereotypy are automatically reinforced, little is known about specific antecedent events that may influence automatically reinforced behavior. In fact, the antecedent event that most often associated with stereotypy is 'low environmental stimulation' with and without reference to social and tangible reinforcers (e.g., Berkson & Davenport, 1962;Berkson & Mason, 1963, 1964Emerson, Hatton, Robertson, Henderson, & Cooper, 1999;Hall, Thorns, & Oliver, 2003;Horner, 1980;Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, & Richman, 1982/1994.A handful of studies have shown that the presence of a particular, often preferred, stimulus sets the occasion for some individuals to engage in automatically reinforced problem behavior (Carter, Devlin, Doggett, Harber, & Barr, 2004;Friman, 2000 Rapp, 2004;Van Camp et al., 2000). Friman demonstrated that a young child engaged in thumb sucking only when he held a small cloth. Rapp first found that providing access to automatically reinforced object twirling early in a given day resulted in decreased levels of object twirling later in that day. Subsequently, Rapp found that access to music (a highly preferred stimulus) increased object twirling even when prior access to object twirling had been provided. Similarly, Carter et al. found that levels of a boy's screaming and hand mouthing were higher during a nointeraction condition (no social consequences) with continuous and noncontingent tangibles than during a no-interaction condition without tangibles. In an elegant series of experiments, Van Camp et al. isolated antecedents associated with automatically reinforced problem behavior that was displayed by two boys. For one participant, the results showed that hand biting was exhibited only when vibratory stimulation was available from a toy. For the other participant, the results indicated that hand flapping occurred only when social interaction was provided noncontingently. Although these studies showed that antecedent stimulation of various modaliti...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Some effects of audio and visual stimulation on multiple forms of stereotypy

Rapp

2005

Behav. Intervent.

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“…When presession noninteraction has been provided in previous research (e.g., Rapp, 2004), it acted as an AO, which we replicated with 2 participants (range=5%-38% decrease). For the other 2 participants, we found that the presession noninteraction condition acted as an EO (range = 4.4%-19.7% increase).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Effects of Presession Manipulations on Automatically Maintained Challenging Behavior and Task Responding

Chung

Cannella-Malone

2010

Behav Modif

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This study examined the effects of presession exposure to attention, response blocking, attention with response blocking, and noninteraction conditions on subsequent engagement in automatically maintained challenging behavior and correct responding in four individuals with significant intellectual disabilities. Following a functional analysis, the effects of the four presession conditions were examined using multielement designs. Results varied across the 4 participants (e.g., presession noninteraction acted as an abolishing operation for 2 participants, but as an establishing operation for the other 2 participants). As such, both the results replicated and contradicted previous research examining the effects of motivating operations on automatically maintained challenging behavior. Although the results varied across participants, at least one condition resulting in a decrease in challenging behavior and an increase in correct responding were identified for each participant. These findings suggested that presession manipulations resulted in decreases in subsequent automatically maintained challenging behavior and simultaneous increases in correct responding might need to be individually identified when the maintaining contingencies cannot be identified.

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“…Wehmeyer (1995) points out those stereotypical behaviors are complex and complete eradication is not a reasonable expectation. Strategies have been developed to reduce stereotypical behaviors, including consequence-based interventions such as response cost (Falcomata, Roane, Hovanetz & Kettering, 2004;Rapp, 2004), reinforcing an alternative behavior (Lovaas et al, 1987;Rehfeldt & Chambers, 2003), differential reinforcement of other behaviors (Rapp, 2007;Ringdahl et al, 2002;Taylor, Hoch, & Weissman, 2005), response interruption (Ahearn, Clark, MacDonald, & Chung, 2007), noncontingent access to a matched sensory stimulus (Higbee, Chang, & Endicott, 2005), and conditioning items or activities as reinforcers (Nuzzolo-Gomez, Leonard, Ortiz, Rivera, & Greer, 2002). However, to be effective, intervention procedures should be matched to the variables (social and non-social) that maintain stereotypy, as identified by a functional behavioral assessment (FBA) or functional analysis (FA; Hanley, Iwata, & McCord, 2003).…”

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confidence: 99%