Effects of printing path and material components on mechanical properties of 3D-printed polyether-ether-ketone/hydroxyapatite composites

Zheng, Jibao; Kang, Jianfeng; Sun, Changning; Yang, Chuncheng; Li, Dichen

doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104475

Cited by 49 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The combination here of the high ambient temperature within the print chamber (230 °C), the nozzle temperature (400 °C), and the print-bed temperature (280 °C) are all important to deliver semi-crystalline PEEK/HA composites with high levels of crystallinity as reported previously in our work (44.59–49.91%) [ 11 ]. These results are higher than the current reported values in the literature [ 39 ]. Previous work by Wu et al and Zanjanijam et al showed that as the ambient temperature of the printing chamber is increased, the crystallinity of the polymer matrix increases [ 40 , 41 ].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

The Surface Characterisation of Fused Filament Fabricated (FFF) 3D Printed PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites

et al. 2021

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Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high-performance thermoplastic polymer which has found increasing application in orthopaedics and has shown a lot of promise for ‘made-to-measure’ implants via additive manufacturing approaches. However, PEEK is bioinert and needs to undergo surface modification to make it at least osteoconductive to ensure a more rapid, improved, and stable fixation that will last longer in vivo. One approach to solving this issue is to modify PEEK with bioactive agents such as hydroxyapatite (HA). The work reported in this study demonstrates the direct 3D printing of PEEK/HA composites of up to 30 weight percent (wt%) HA using a Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) approach. The surface characteristics and in vitro properties of the composite materials were investigated. X-ray diffraction revealed the samples to be semi-crystalline in nature, with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry revealing HA materials were available in the uppermost surface of all the 3D printed samples. In vitro testing of the samples at 7 days demonstrated that the PEEK/HA composite surfaces supported the adherence and growth of viable U-2 OS osteoblast like cells. These results demonstrate that FFF can deliver bioactive HA on the surface of PEEK bio-composites in a one-step 3D printing process.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

The Surface Characterisation of Fused Filament Fabricated (FFF) 3D Printed PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites

et al. 2021

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“…The authors reported excellent bioactivity, antibacterial properties, osseointegration and bone-implant contact which was attributed to the synergistic effect of surface roughness and nano-FHA particles [ 37 ]. Recently, several studies have explored the 3D printing of PEEK and PEEK/HA composites via FDM [ 19 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. To the author’s knowledge no previous publication has investigated FDM printed PEEK composites containing doped-HA, although there have been studies on the processing of PEEK/doped-HA composites produced via conventional technologies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the semi-crystalline nature of PEEK causes high residual stresses, resulting in shrinkage, warpage and thermal cracks in the final developed structure [ 44 , 45 ]. Optimization of the printing conditions is therefore required to improve print quality and final properties of PEEK 3D-printed parts produced via fused filament methods [ 19 , 39 , 40 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ]. However, there is still a lack of literature regarding the processing of PEEK composites with doped HA by 3D printing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printed Strontium and Zinc Doped Hydroxyapatite Loaded PEEK for Craniomaxillofacial Implants

et al. 2022

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In this study, Strontium (Sr) and Zinc (Zn) doped-HA nanoparticles were synthesized and incorporated into polyetheretherketone (PEEK) up to 30 wt.% and processed by a novel approach i.e., fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing for the production of patient specific cranial implants with improved bioactivity and the required mechanical performance. Filaments were produced via extrusion and subsequently 3D-printed using FDM. To further improve the bioactivity of the 3D-printed parts, the samples were dip-coated in polyethylene glycole-DOPA (PEG-DOPA) solution. The printing quality was influenced by filler loading, but was not significantly influenced by the nature of doped-HA. Hence, the printing conditions were optimized for each sample. Micro-CT and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed a uniform distribution of bioceramic particles in PEEK. Although agglomeration of particles increased with increase in filler loadings. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed that the melting point and crystallinity of PEEK increased with an increase in doped-HA loading from 343 °C to 355 °C and 27.7% to 34.6%, respectively. Apatite formation was confirmed on the 3D-printed samples after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7, 14 and 28 days via SEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The tensile strength and impact strength decreased from 75 MPa to 51 MPa and 14 kJ/m2 to 4 kJ/m2, respectively, while Young’s modulus increased with increasing doped-HA content from. However, the tensile strengths of composites remained in the range of human cortical bone i.e., ≥50 MPa. In addition, there was a slight increase in mechanical strength after 28 days immersion which was attributed to apatite formation. Water contact angle showed that the hydrophilicity of the samples improved after coating the 3D-printed samples with PEG-DOPA. Hence, based on the results, the 3D-printed PEEK nanocomposites with 20 wt.% doped-HA is selected as the best candidate for the 3D-printing of craniomaxillofacial implants.

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“…To improve the bioactivity of PEEK, many studies were committed to fabricate PEEK-based composites via the incorporation of additives such as hydroxyapatite (HA) [ 19 , 20 ], calcium phosphate (TCP) [ 21 ], bioglass (BGA) [ 22 ] and calcium silicate (CS) [ 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Specially, CS was demonstrated to present excellent bioactivity and the apatite formation on CS was faster than that of BGA [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Raster Angle and Material Components on Mechanical Properties of Polyether-Ether-Ketone/Calcium Silicate Scaffolds

et al. 2021

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Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was widely used in the fabrication of bone substitutes for its excellent chemical resistance, thermal stability and mechanical properties that were similar to those of natural bone tissue. However, the biological inertness restricted the osseointegration with surrounding bone tissue. In this study, calcium silicate (CS) was introduced to improve the bioactivity of PEEK. The PEEK/CS composites scaffolds with CS contents in gradient were fabricated with different raster angles via fused filament fabrication (FFF). With the CS content ranging from 0 to 40% wt, the crystallinity degree (from 16% to 30%) and surface roughness (from 0.13 ± 0.04 to 0.48 ± 0.062 μm) of PEEK/CS scaffolds was enhanced. Mechanical testing showed that the compressive modulus of the PEEK/CS scaffolds could be tuned in the range of 23.3–541.5 MPa. Under the same printing raster angle, the compressive strength reached the maximum with CS content of 20% wt. The deformation process and failure modes could be adjusted by changing the raster angle. Furthermore, the mapping relationships among the modulus, strength, raster angle and CS content were derived, providing guidance for the selection of printing parameters and the control of mechanical properties.

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Effects of printing path and material components on mechanical properties of 3D-printed polyether-ether-ketone/hydroxyapatite composites

Cited by 49 publications

References 45 publications

The Surface Characterisation of Fused Filament Fabricated (FFF) 3D Printed PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites

The Surface Characterisation of Fused Filament Fabricated (FFF) 3D Printed PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites

3D Printed Strontium and Zinc Doped Hydroxyapatite Loaded PEEK for Craniomaxillofacial Implants

Effects of Raster Angle and Material Components on Mechanical Properties of Polyether-Ether-Ketone/Calcium Silicate Scaffolds

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