Effects of Raster Angle and Material Components on Mechanical Properties of Polyether-Ether-Ketone/Calcium Silicate Scaffolds

Zheng, Jibao; Dong, Enchun; Kang, Jianfeng; Sun, Changning; Liu, Chaozong; Li, Dichen

doi:10.3390/polym13152547

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…These detached particles reduce the bioactivity of the substrate, while leading to an inflammatory response [ 8 ]. Therefore, some studies have turned to the development of bioactive PEEK-based composite materials by the addition of bioactive ceramics into the PEEK matrix, such as hydroxyapatite (HA) [ 9 , 10 ], β-tricalcium phosphate [ 11 ], calcium silicate [ 12 ], bioglass [ 6 ], etc. The superior bioactivity of PEEK/bioceramic composites in comparison to pure PEEK material has been confirmed by cellular and animal experiments [ 13 , 14 ], which may provide an effective way of obtaining both mechanical and biological benefits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed PEEK/HA Composite Filaments

Kang¹,

Zheng

Hui

et al. 2022

Polymers

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The incorporation of bioactive ceramic into polyether ether ketone (PEEK) was expected to improve the bioinertia and hydrophobicity of pure PEEK, further facilitating osseointegration and bone ingrowth. However, the addition of bioceramic also changes the anisotropy of mechanical properties and failure mechanism of composite. Therefore, three-dimensional printed (3D-printed) PEEK/hydroxyapatite (HA) composite filaments with differing proportions (HA content: 10–30 wt%) were prepared using physical mixture and melting extrusion processes. The tensile elastic modulus and tensile strength of composite filaments were tested experimentally. These microscopic models, with multiple diameter variations and differing dispersity of HA particles, were built to estimate mechanical properties using finite element analysis. Based on a generalized version of Hooke’s Law, the influence of diameter variation and particle clustering on the elastic modulus was evaluated. The mathematical relationship between the elastic modulus and volume fraction of the bioceramic was established using the Halpin–Tsai model. The results showed that with an increase in HA content from 10 wt% to 30 wt%, the elastic modulus of the composite increased from 2.36 GPa to 2.79 GPa, tensile strength decreased from 95 MPa to 74 MPa, and fracture elongation decreased from 63% to 23%, presenting brittle fracture failure. When the dispersion of particles was uniform, the elastic modulus was less affected by diameter variation, but the modulus anisotropic coefficient was greatly affected by the composition ratio, particle diameter, and dispersity. Hence, 3D-printed PEEK/HA composite filaments can meet the strength requirements of human bone, and understanding the influence of mechanical anisotropy plays a very important role in the design, manufacture, and clinical application of medical implants.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed PEEK/HA Composite Filaments

Kang¹,

Zheng

Hui

et al. 2022

Polymers

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“…As an orthopedic implant, enhancing the osseointegration can increase the stability of the implants in vivo . Thus, we further manufacture 3DP PEEK composite scaffolds with hydroxyapatite (HA) or calcium silicate (CS) contents in gradient through FDM 3D printing techniques ( Figure 11A )[ 47 - 49 ]. The PEEK (50 mm) and additives (HA or CS powder) ( Figure 11B and C ) are first mixed with a mass ratio (PEEK: HA = 8:2; PEEK: CS = 6:4).…”

Section: Interface Modification and Composite Print Of Peek Implant F...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Schematic diagram of the preparation processes of PEEK/additives composites and FDM technology (A); the SEM images of PEEK granular material (B) and HA powders material (C) (white bar, 100 mm; yellow bar, 50 mm); geometry images of PEEK/HA and PEEK/CS scaffolds under micro-CT (D); SEM images of PEEK/HA and PEEK/CS scaffolds (E); the comparison of compressive modulus (F) and compressive strength (G) in PEEK/HA scaffolds with different pore sizes; the comparison of compressive modulus of the PEEK/CS scaffolds with different CS content and raster angles (H); the comparison of cellular proliferation in PEEK/HA scaffolds with different HA content (white bar, 400 mm); the comparison of alizarin red staining (J) and Alizarin red staining (K) of MC3T3-E1cells on the PEEK/HA scaffolds with different HA content[ 47 - 49 ]. …”

Section: Interface Modification and Composite Print Of Peek Implant F...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since 2017, our team, including a lot of engineers, scientists, and doctors, has performed a series of studies on the 3DP PEEK implants for chest wall reconstruction[ 14 , 29 , 36 - 49 ]. First, the thoracic surgeons must sort out the specific types of chest wall defects and propose the clinical implants needs for chest wall reconstruction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, new clinical problems, such as incision ulcers and respiratory restriction, have prompted surgeons and engineers to work together to develop new implant designs and fabrication processes. The surface amination grafting and sulfuric acid etching methods were developed to overcome the strong hydrophobicity of PEEK material, and the wavy elastic structure of implants can make the thorax possess a better degree of motion[ 38 , 45 - 49 ]. Herein, we systematically summarize all the details of 3DP PEEK implants for chest wall reconstruction from a clinical need for biofabrication and discuss its future clinical industrialization perspectives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fused Deposition Modeling PEEK Implants for Personalized Surgical Application: From Clinical Need to Biofabrication

Wang¹,

Yang²,

Sun³

et al. 2022

IJB

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Three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology is suitable for manufacturing personalized orthopedic implants for reconstruction surgery. Compared with traditional titanium, polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is the ideal material for 3DP orthopedic implants due to its various advantages, including thermoplasticity, thermal stability, high chemical stability, and radiolucency suitable elastic modulus. However, it is challenging to develop a well-designed method and manufacturing technique to meet the clinical needs because it requires elaborate details and interplays with clinical work. Furthermore, establishing surgical standards for new implants requires many clinical cases and an accumulation of surgical experience. Thus, there are few case reports on using 3DP PEEK implants in clinical practice. Herein, we formed a team with a lot of engineers, scientists, and doctors and conducted a series of studies on the 3DP PEEK implants for chest wall reconstruction. First, the thoracic surgeons sort out the specific types of chest wall defects. Then, the engineers designed the shape of the implant and performed finite element analysis for every implant. To meet the clinical needs and mechanical requirements of implants, we developed a new fused deposition modeling technology to make personalized PEEK implants. Overall, the thoracic surgeons have used 114 personalized 3DP PEEK implants to reconstruct the chest wall defect and further established the surgical standards of the implants as part of the Chinese clinical guidelines. The surface modification technique and composite process are developed to overcome the new clinical problems of implant-related complications after surgery. Finally, the major challenges and possible solutions to translating 3DP PEEK implants into a mature and prevalent clinical product are discussed in the paper.

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Effect of angular variation and in vitro degradation on mechanical properties of PBAT 3D scaffolds

de Barros,

de Souza Balbinot,

Vassoler

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The customization of polymeric prototypes is available to meet the specific needs of individual patients, considering tissue location and patient‐specific characteristics. Poly (butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) has shown great promise among various polymers in this scenario due to its biodegradability and processability properties. However, the effect of geometry changes on the mechanical properties of PBAT 3D scaffolds and their mechanical stability after in vitro degradation are crucial to determining the final application. This study focuses on the structural, morphological, and mechanical characterization of PBAT prototypes with different architectures and evaluating their mechanical properties before and after in vitro degradation. Three‐dimensional structures were 3D printed with rectilinear deposition angles of 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°. Mechanical tests revealed that the prototype architecture influenced the stiffness, elongation, and maximum tension, where a greater resistance was observed for filaments containing the lowest angles. The thermal stability of PBAT remained unaffected either by reprocessing or hydrolytic degradation; however, in vitro degradation affected the mechanical behavior by increasing the stiffness and decreasing the elongation of the scaffold. Biological assays have demonstrated the nontoxic nature of PBAT and its potential to promote cell viability at a rate of 95%. These findings underscore the possibility of optimizing the PBAT design and structure to tune the mechanical properties and contribute to advancing tissue engineering strategies.

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Effects of Raster Angle and Material Components on Mechanical Properties of Polyether-Ether-Ketone/Calcium Silicate Scaffolds

Cited by 13 publications

References 41 publications

Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed PEEK/HA Composite Filaments

Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed PEEK/HA Composite Filaments

Fused Deposition Modeling PEEK Implants for Personalized Surgical Application: From Clinical Need to Biofabrication

Effect of angular variation and in vitro degradation on mechanical properties of PBAT 3D scaffolds

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