Effects of Preload 4 Repetition Maximum on 100-m Sprint Times in Collegiate Women

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of postactivation potentiation (PAP) on track-sprint performance after a preload set of 4 repetition maximum (4RM) parallel back half-squat exercises in collegiate women. All subjects (n = 12) participated in 2 testing sessions over a 3-week period. During the first testing session, subjects performed the Controlled protocol consisting of a 4-minute standardized warm-up, followed by a 4-minute active rest, a 100-m track sprint, a second 4-minute active rest, finalized with a second 100-m sprint. The second testing session, the Treatment protocol, consisted of a 4-minute standardized warm-up, followed by 4-minute active rest, sprint, a second 4-minute active rest, a warm-up of 4RM parallel back half-squat, a third 9-minute active rest, finalized with a second sprint. The results indicated that there was a significant improvement of 0.19 seconds (p < 0.05), when the second sprint was preceded by a 4RM back-squat protocol during Treatment. The standardized effect size, d, was 0.82, indicating a large effect size. Additionally, the results indicated that it would be expected that mean sprint times would increase 0.04-0.34 seconds (p < 0.05), when using a preload 4RM squat protocol. There were no significant differences between Control pre and posttests (p > 0.05). The findings suggest that performing a 4RM parallel back half-squat warm-up before a track sprint will have a positive PAP affect on decreased track-sprint times. Track coaches, looking for the "competitive edge" (PAP effect) may re-warm up their sprinters during meets.

Efeito da potencialização pós-ativação no Atletismo: uma revisão sistemática

“…Most studies found in the current review suggest the presence of post-activation potentiation in different athletics events 16,34,35,36,37,38,39 . This may be associated with neuromuscular and molecular changes induced by strength and power activities such as: 1) better recruitment of motor units, especially type-IIx motor units, which have a higher contraction velocity and capacity to generate tension; 2) increased availability of Ca ++ for contraction and 3) increased phosphorylation of light myosin chains, facilitating the interaction of contractile filaments 1,3 .…”

“…The results showed higher CMJ height after performing squatting compared to control situation (p = 0.01). Linder et al 39 investigated the effect of a series of 4RMs on squatting on the 10-meter running speed in 12 young females and the results indicated improvement of 0.19 seconds (1.2%) in the running time nine minutes after the squatting protocol (Pre = 17.14 ± 1.55, Post = 16.95 ± 1.55). Evetovich et al 36 found an increase in vertical jump height (Pre = 61.9 ± 12.3 cm; Post = 63.6 ± 11.6 cm) and horizontal jump distance (Pre = 93.7 ± 11.0 cm; Post = 95.9 ± 11.5 cm) eight minutes after three squat series at 85% 1RM squats in Athletic university athletes of both sexes.…”

“…Linder et al 39 12 physically active women (20.8 ± 1.9 years). There was no effect of activities on time to complete the run.…”

Effect of Bulgarian Split Squat Exercise on 20 Meters Sprint Performance

“…Although most of the PAP studies have been based on jumping, only a few studies have investigated the effects on sport-specific performance (Mcbride et al, 2005;Paff, 1997). These studies have been reported to improve dynamic performance in competitive sports such as cycling and sprinting (Chatzopoulos et al, 2007;Hamada et al, 2000;Linder et al, 2010;Mcbride et al, 2005). In a study of Chatzopoulos et al (2007) conducted, it was reported that for amateurs, 90% of 1 TM increased the effect of PAP on short distances of 10 and 30 meters after 10-time repetitions of single foot squat.…”

A pilot study involving the effect of two different complex training protocols on lower body power

“…In the KSJ group, four to six repetitions of kettlebell swings were performed followed by five consecutive countermovement squat jumps. A recovery period of 3 min between the resistance training exercise (squats/ kettlebell swings) and the plyometric exercise (countermovement squat jumps) was provided to allow for phosphocreatine resynthesis [7,9,19,20] (Figure 4).…”