Buttermilk and whey, despite their documented health and technological potential, are still not sufficiently utilized for the development of new products. In this research, the effect of heat treatment on whey protein’s texture, color, and gloss was analyzed using fresh white cheeses from buttermilk with polymerized whey protein. Additionally, the influence of the polymerization process on cheese yield and composition was examined. Four fresh white cheese samples were prepared: without whey protein concentrate (FWC); with whey protein concentrate (FWC/WPC); with single-heated polymerized whey protein (FWC/SPWP); and with double-heated polymerized whey protein (FWC/DPWP). The introduction of whey protein in buttermilk cheese production increased cheese yield over 2-fold. There were no differences in color and gloss between FWC/SPWP and FWC/DPWP samples.