Effects of Polyphenol Compounds and Nitrogen Oxide Donors on Lipid Oxidation, Membrane-Skeletal Proteins, and Erythrocyte Structure under Hypoxia

Abstract

This study shows that membrane-associated cytoskeletal protein structures and the erythrocyte morphology undergo profound changes during hypoxia. Hypoxia also intensified oxidative processes in the lipid phase of the bilayer of red blood cell membranes. Sodium nitroprusside impaired the morphology of red blood cells and altered quantitative and qualitative composition of membrane-skeletal proteins. The findings suggest that hypoxia causes changes at all levels of red blood cell organization, which can cause the functional disorders of hemoglobin oxygen-transporting properties and, eventually, the complete degradation of red blood cells. The use of flavonoids has a protective effect against hypoxia.

Metabolite and protein shifts in mature erythrocyte under hypoxia

“… 58 Thus, the authors proposed a model related to the Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to explain this phenomenon. However, this model contradicts the conclusions of previous studies 56 , 88 that band 3 is more prone to degradation.…”

“…Spectrin, ankyrin, and band 3, which constitute the cytoskeleton, reduced by 39.6%, 62.2%, and 76.0%, respectively. Band 4.1 and band 4.2 decreased to undetectable levels, 88 confirming the previous observation that band 3 was susceptible to acute hypobaric hypoxia in vivo. 56 The band 4.1a/4.1b ratio, considered as a molecular clock of erythrocyte age, decreased at altitude and gradually raised after volunteers returned to the plain.…”

“…A study on the effects of polyphenols and nitrogen oxide donors on human erythrocytes under hypoxic conditions in vitro revealed changes in erythrocyte organization at all levels, including lipid oxidation, erythrocyte cytoskeleton proteins, and the structure and morphology. 88 After 60 min in hypoxia, erythrocyte protein components significantly altered. Spectrin, ankyrin, and band 3, which constitute the cytoskeleton, reduced by 39.6%, 62.2%, and 76.0%, respectively.…”

“… 89 However, the level of actin, which is also a component of the cytoskeleton, remained stable under hypoxia. 88 The expression of GAPDH, a metabolism-related protein, also tended to decrease by 50%.…”

Oxidative stress as a factor in the deterioration of oxygen transfer during exercise

“…RBC structure maintenance attracts many researchers in sports laboratory diagnostics because haemoglobin saturation and adequate O 2 transfer to tissues is the most significant factor of stimulating exercise performance [30]. During strenuous physical activity, when organs and tissues suffer from hypoxia [31] with a simultaneous increase in peroxidation products [32], there is deviation of cell membrane structure and functions (including those of erythrocytes) [33]. These changes are conditioned by the release of polyunsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic and linoleic ones), as well as leukotrienes, and thromboxane that affect membranes [34].…”