Effects of Pituitary Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (Acth) Therapy in Ophthalmologic Conditions

Use of systemic steroid after successful macular surgery in eyes with epiretinal membrane: a randomized, controlled clinical study

“…[16][17][18][19] They have been applied topically as eyedrops, locally by subconjunctival, peribulbar, or by intravitreal injections, or systemically as oral medications or by intravenous or intramuscular injections. Besides their use in conditions such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 20 diabetic macular edema, 6 exudative AMD, 7 or central retinal vein occlusion, 21 steroids have also been applied in combination with intraocular surgery.…”

The dexamethasone drug delivery system: Indications and evidence

“…Corticosteroids for the treatment of ocular disease was first described in the early 1950s. [3][4][5][6][7][8] Since that time, the goal of delivering therapeutic levels of corticosteroid to the eye while minimizing systemic exposure has become increasingly achievable. Pharmacokinetic limitations often render topical delivery inadequate for posterior segment diseases, 9,10 whereas subconjunctival, peribulbar, and intravitreal injections typically produce concentrations that are more effective, albeit short-lived and associated with significant side effects.…”

Immunomodulatory Medications in Uveitis

“…Corticosteroids have been the mainstream of treatment of ocular inflammatory diseases since their introduction by Gordon and McLean in 1950. 16 Depending on the severity and location of uveitis, steroids may be administered topically, as periocular or intraocular injections, and systemically by mouth or intravenously.…”