Effects of physical exercise on skeletal muscles of rats with cerebral ischemia

Melo, Raphael Oliveira de; Damázio, Laila Cristina Moreira; Lima, Maíra C.J.S.; Pereira, Vanessa Guedes; Okano, Bárbara Silva; Monteiro, Betânia Souza; Natali, Antônio José; Carlo, Ricardo Junqueira Del; Maldonado, Izabel R.S.C.

doi:10.1590/1414-431x20198576

“…In other studies, the extended process of angiogenesis was repeated 30,31 , which shows the consistency of this information. The levels of mRNA and protein at the B1 and B2 receptors in the physical training group were significantly higher than those in the group with myocardial infarction, superior than those in the control group 31 .…”

Section: Neurotrophic Axis Activation and Angiogenesissupporting

confidence: 72%

“…This proves that the effects of physical exercise on ischemic injuries vary according to the quantity and quality proposed. In another study, rats exercised ischemic performance and motor coordination better than sedentary ischemic rats (neuroprotective effect) 30 .…”

Section: Neuroprotective Effectmentioning

confidence: 98%

Efeitos do exercício físico na prevenção e tratamento de lesões por isquemia: uma revisão de literatura

Costa

¹

,

Silva

²

,

Macedo

³

et al. 2020

Rev. Med. (São Paulo)

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Introdução: Em 2013 mais de 17,3 milhões de mortes/ano foram causadas por doenças cardiovasculares, acompanhado de uma estimativa de mais de 23,6 milhões de mortes para 2030, representando a maior causa global de morte. Objetivo: Esta revisão de literatura tem como objetivo a sistematização do conhecimento acerca dos efeitos do exercício físico como medida de prevenção e/ou tratamento em lesões causadas por isquemia, a fim de instigar novas pesquisas e contribuir para a disseminação de informação atual. Metodologia: Este estudo constitui uma revisão bibliográfica de caráter analítico dos estudos a respeito dos efeitos do exercício físico como medida de prevenção e tratamento de lesões causados por isquemia nos tecidos de animais submetidos a experimentação científica, em que foram coletados 99 artigos a partir de uma busca nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO e Lilacs com os descritores: “ischemia”, “exercise”, “rats” e “muscle”. Resultados e Conclusão: A atual literatura aponta para um consenso acerca dos efeitos cardioprotetores e neuroprotetores do atividade física, com ênfase no aumento da resistência contra agentes oxidantes, melhoria no processo de angiogênese, maior resistência contra acidificação do meio, melhoria no processo de cardiomiogênese, e apresenta as vias de sinalização moleculares que possivelmente explicam os efeitos advindos do exercício físico nas suas mais diferentes intensidades.

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“…PA achieves beneficial effects on brain function through its impact in these three main pathways whose modulation eventually leads to a neuroprotective effect. Regular aerobic training as opposed to acute bouts of exercise, seems to be more related to PA positive impact leading to antioxidant [47,48] and anti-inflammatory [51][52][53]56] effects and, through molecular and vascular changes, shapes neuronal and vascular plasticity [70,75,78,79]. See text for further information.…”

Section: Enhancement Of Antioxidant Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neuroplasticity is a dynamic process involving changes in the number of brain nuclei and structures, numerous functions (learning, memory, movement) and various interactions [69]. Evidence from both human and animal studies have suggested that PA has a facilitating effect on neuroplasticity; regular PA stimulates angiogenesis, synaptogenesis, neurogenesis as well as the synthesis of neurotransmitters in various cerebral areas [70][71][72][73][74][75].…”

Section: Improved Neuronal Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Regular Physical Activity in Neuroprotection against Acute Ischemia

Raimondo

¹

,

Rizzo

²

,

Musiari

³

et al. 2020

IJMS

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One of the major obstacles that prevents an effective therapeutic intervention against ischemic stroke is the lack of neuroprotective agents able to reduce neuronal damage; this results in frequent evolution towards a long-term disability with limited alternatives available to aid in recovery. Nevertheless, various treatment options have shown clinical efficacy. Neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), widely produced throughout the brain, but also in distant tissues such as the muscle, have demonstrated regenerative properties with the potential to restore damaged neural tissue. Neurotrophins play a significant role in both protection and recovery of function following neurological diseases such as ischemic stroke or traumatic brain injury. Unfortunately, the efficacy of exogenous administration of these neurotrophins is limited by rapid degradation with subsequent poor half-life and a lack of blood–brain-barrier permeability. Regular exercise seems to be a therapeutic approach able to induce the activation of several pathways related to the neurotrophins release. Exercise, furthermore, reduces the infarct volume in the ischemic brain and ameliorates motor function in animal models increasing astrocyte proliferation, inducing angiogenesis and reducing neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress. One of the most critical issues is to identify the relationship between neurotrophins and myokines, newly discovered skeletal muscle-derived factors released during and after exercise able to exert several biological functions. Various myokines (e.g., Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1, Irisin) have recently shown their ability to protects against neuronal injury in cerebral ischemia models, suggesting that these substances may influence the degree of neuronal damage in part via inhibiting inflammatory signaling pathways. The aim of this narrative review is to examine the main experimental data available to date on the neuroprotective and anti-ischemic role of regular exercise, analyzing also the possible role played by neurotrophins and myokines.

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“…Currently, treatment for patients with sarcopenia includes nutritional supplements and hormone-related treatments to improve nutritional status, and weight, which may cause fluid retention, hypogonadism, and orthostatic hypotension [10]. Emerging data suggest that exercise or resistance training is considered the most effective strategy currently available for increasing muscle mass and strength and improving physical function [11,12]. However, essential training time and sufficient exercise intensity are lacking in most traditional stroke rehabilitation programs [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Physical Function, Prevents Muscle Loss, and Modulates Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation in Skeletal Muscle of Cerebral Ischemic Mice

Liu

¹

,

Xie

²

,

Fan

³

et al. 2021

Mediators of Inflammation

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Although skeletal muscle is the main effector organ largely accounting for disability after stroke, considerably less attention is paid to the secondary abnormalities of stroke-related skeletal muscle loss. It is necessary to explore the mechanism of muscle atrophy after stroke and further develop effective rehabilitation strategy. Here, we evaluated the effects of high-intensity interval (HIIT) versus moderate-intensity aerobic training (MOD) on physical function, muscle mass, and stroke-related gene expression profile of skeletal muscle. After the model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was successfully made, the blood lactate threshold corresponding speed ( S LT ) and maximum speed ( S max ) were measured. Different intensity training protocols ( MOD < S LT ; S LT < HIIT < S max ) were carried out for 3 weeks beginning at 7 days after MCAO in the MOD and HIIT groups, respectively. We found that both HIIT and MOD prevented stroke-related gastrocnemius muscle mass loss in MCAO mice. HIIT was more beneficial than MOD for improvements in muscle strength, motor coordination, walking competency, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Furthermore, HIIT was superior to MOD in terms of reducing lipid accumulation, levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in paretic gastrocnemius, and improving peripheral blood CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio, level of IL-10. Additionally, RNA-seq analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes among HIIT, MOD, and MCAO groups were highly associated with signaling pathways involved in inflammatory response, more specifically the I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. Following the outcome, we further investigated the infiltrating immune cells abundant in paretic muscles. The results showed that HIIT modulated macrophage activation by downregulating CD86+ (M1 type) macrophages and upregulating CD163+ (M2 type) macrophages via inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NFκB signaling pathway and exerting an anti-inflammatory effect in paretic skeletal muscle. It is expected that these data will provide novel insights into the mechanisms and potential targets underlying muscle wasting in stroke.

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Effects of physical exercise on skeletal muscles of rats with cerebral ischemia

Cited by 8 publications

References 32 publications

Efeitos do exercício físico na prevenção e tratamento de lesões por isquemia: uma revisão de literatura

Efeitos do exercício físico na prevenção e tratamento de lesões por isquemia: uma revisão de literatura

Role of Regular Physical Activity in Neuroprotection against Acute Ischemia

High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Physical Function, Prevents Muscle Loss, and Modulates Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation in Skeletal Muscle of Cerebral Ischemic Mice

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