Effects of Phenolic Acids on the Growth and Production of T‐2 and HT‐2 Toxins by Fusarium langsethiae and F. sporotrichioides

Abstract

Abstract:The effect of natural phenolic acids was tested on the growth and production of T-2 and HT-2 toxins by Fusarium langsethiae and F. sporotrichioides, on Mycotoxin Synthetic medium. Plates treated with 0.5 mM of each phenolic acid (caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic and p-coumaric) and controls without phenolic acid were incubated for 14 days at 25˝C. Fungal biomass of F. langsethiae and F. sporotrichioides was not reduced by the phenolic acids. However, biosynthesis of T-2 toxin by F. langsethiae was significantly reduced by chlorogenic (23.1%) and ferulic (26.5%) acids. Production of T-2 by F. sporotrichioides also decreased with ferulic acid by 23% (p < 0.05). In contrast, p-coumaric acid significantly stimulated the production of T-2 and HT-2 toxins for both strains. A kinetic study of F. langsethiae with 1 mM ferulic acid showed a significant decrease in fungal biomass, whereas T-2 production increased after 10 days of incubation. The study of gene expression in ferulic supplemented cultures of F. langsethiae revealed a significant inhibition for Tri5, Tri6 and Tri12 genes, while for Tri16 the decrease in gene expression was not statistically significant. Overall, results indicated that phenolic acids had a variable effect on fungal growth and mycotoxin production, depending on the strain and the concentration and type of phenolic acid assayed.

Can plant phenolic compounds reduceFusariumgrowth and mycotoxin production in cereals?

“…With the exception of BUT and DAS produced by FL, an inhibitory effect on mycotoxin production was observed from p-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid treatments for all Fusarium species although mycelial growth was not impaired. Indeed, a dose dependent deviation between the phenolic acid effect on growth on the one hand and the mycotoxin production on the other hand was also described by Ferruz et al (2016) and Ferrochio et al (2013). Both authors suggested that inhibitory mechanisms on mycelial growth might be independent from mechanisms that inhibit mycotoxin production.…”

“…However, a concentration of 0.515 mM (100ʹ000 µg kg −1 ) resulted only in a 3% reduction, which is in line with our results for the lowest concentration. Ferruz et al (2016) found that ferulic acid inhibited FL growth at 1 mM, whereas at 0.5 mM, fungal biomass increased. The authors assumed that this increase was due to a sub-lethal dosage and possible depletion of ferulic acid by the fungus over time.…”

“…This implies that FP might be more resilient to the respective phenolic compounds. While the biological activity of antioxidant phenolic acids such as ferulic acid was postulated to be inhibitory towards type A and type B trichothecenes (Boutigny et al 2010;Ferruz et al 2016), contradictory results reporting increasing toxin contents have also been published (Ponts et al 2011).…”

Antioxidant Secondary Metabolites in Cereals: Potential Involvement in Resistance to Fusarium and Mycotoxin Accumulation

“…It is noteworthy that the effect of phenolic compounds is strain and molecule dependent (Boutigny et al, 2009 ; Gauthier et al, 2016 ). Increasingly, phenolic acids are becoming the subject of anti-mycotoxin research and many groups have demonstrated their efficiency to modulate in vitro the biosynthesis of various mycotoxins, including type A trichothecenes (Ferruz et al, 2016 ), fumonisins (Beekrum et al, 2003 ; Samapundo et al, 2007 ; Atanasova-Penichon et al, 2014 ), ochratoxin (Palumbo et al, 2007 ), and aflatoxins (Norton, 1999 ).…”

Report from the 1st MYCOKEY International Conference Global Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain Held in Ghent, Belgium, 11–14 September 2017

“…Different reference genes were tested including β-tubulin and citrate synthase as proposed by Ferruz et al (2016). The best candidates as reference genes were chosen according to the best gene pairwise variation (V) and the best V of gene with other gene (M) values using geNorm.…”