Effects of pH and Temperature on the Aqueous Solubility and Dissolution Rate of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT), Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX)

Abstract

Aqueous solubilities and dissolution rates are reported and examined for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) over the pH range of (4.2-6.2) and the temperature range of (3.1-33.3) °C. Measurements were performed using high-pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Solubilities and dissolution rates were not statistically affected by pH within the experimental design limits. Correlations are proposed to estimate the aqueous solubility of these high explosives as a function of temperature.

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

“…However, environmental parameters, such as temperature, will influence the rate of dissolution. For example, Lynch et al [28] and Lynch [23] mined that explosive dissolution rates double with every 10 °C increase in temperature from 3 to 33 °C. In addition, solubility maxima may be influenced by soil physico-chemical properties which may influence explosive adsorption onto soil particles [29]).…”

Physico-chemical measurements of CL-20 for environmental applications

“…The solubilities (S) of CL-20, RDX and HMX were determined in water at temperatures (T) of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 60 • C according to the procedure described by Lynch et al [9]. An excess amount of explosive (0.015 g) was added to 100 ml of deionized water (pH 5.5) in a glass bottle.…”

“…The aqueous solubility (S) of RDX and HMX has been shown to vary significantly with temperature [9,14]. Since the temperatures to which explosives are exposed in the environment may vary from below 0 to greater than 50 • C, the solubility of CL-20 was measured in water over a temperature range of 5-60 • C. For comparison, aqueous solubilities of RDX and HMX were also measured under similar conditions.…”

“…Due to their high energy content, polynitropolyaza-caged compounds seem more attractive than the presently used RDX and HMX. A typical energetic chemical of this family is 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8, 10,12-hexaazatetracyclo[5.5.0.0 5,9 .0 3,11 ]dodecane or hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW), commonly known as CL-20 ( Fig. 1), which was synthesized by Nielsen [4] and later adopted by Thiokol for pilot scale production [5].…”

Novel Reaction of N,N'-Bisarylmethanediamines with Formaldehyde. Synthesis of Some New 1,3,5-Triaryl-1,3,5-hexahydrotriazines

“…On the other hand, numerous accounts of the synthesis of 1,3,5-trisubstituted 1,3,5-hexahydrotriazines from amines and formaldehyde can be found in the literature. 1,3,5-Hexahydrotriazines are important building blocks in high-explosive compounds [11].…”