EFFECTS OF pH AND OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON MUSCULAR ACTIVITY OF THE ISOLATED CROP OF PERIPLANETA AMERICANA (ORTHOPTERA)

Griffiths, James T.; Tauber, Oscar E.

doi:10.1085/jgp.26.6.541

Cited by 27 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…Organic acid production by foregut homogenates. Intact foreguts were dissected out of five P. americana adults and pooled in a small glass tissue homogenizer containing 4.5 ml of Ringer solution, pH 7.8 (19). Foreguts were homogenized for 1 min, and 1-ml portions of the homogenate were added to 5-ml glass serum vials.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of host diet on production of organic acids and methane by cockroach gut bacteria

Kane

Breznak

1991

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The effect of high-fiber diets on microbial populations and processes in cockroach guts was investigated by feeding American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) milled cereal leaves, milled corn cob, or commercial bran-type breakfast cereal in place of the commonly used laboratory diet of dog chow. The activities and numbers of specific gut bacteria varied significantly with the insect's diet and developmental stage. Acetate and lactate were the principal organic acids present in the gut fluid of adult cockroaches and occurred at concentrations of up to 17 and 8 mM, respectively. These acids were most abundant in the gut fluid of dog chow-fed insects, and the greatest amounts were generally found in the foregut and midgut regions. Foreguts of dog chow-fed cockroaches contained an abundant population of lactic acid bacteria that formed acetate and lactate from endogenous hexoses present in the foregut. When adult cockroaches were fed dog chow amended with antibacterial drugs, (i) the concentrations of acetate, lactate, and total hexoses in gut fluid decreased significantly, (ii) the numbers of lactic acid bacteria in the foregut also decreased significantly, and (iii) the production of acetate and lactate by foregut homogenates was suppressed. It was estimated that acetate and lactate produced by bacteria in the foregut of dog chow-fed adult P. americana could support up to 14% of the insect's respiratory requirement if taken up and used by the animal. When insects were fed high-fiber diets of bran cereal, cereal leaves, or corn cob, bacterial production of acetate and lactate in the foregut diminished. The main terminal electron sink processes accompanying gut fermentation in P. americana were microbial reduction of CO2 to CH4, to formate, and to acetate. Methanogenesis occurred exclusively in the hindgut region and was favored when insects were fed high-fiber diets. This was particularly true for larvae, which generally emitted more CH4 per gram (fresh weight) than adults. In contrast, formico-and acetogenesis from CO2 were favored when cockroaches were fed the low-fiber, dog chow diet. These results indicate that host diet has a significant effect on the intestinal microbiota of P. americana and its activities.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of host diet on production of organic acids and methane by cockroach gut bacteria

Kane

Breznak

1991

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Colons were dissected out, slit lengthwise, and vortexed in insect Ringer solution (8) to remove the lumen contents. They were then fixed by a modified osmium tetroxide-ANTIMICROB.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Metronidazole on the Intestinal Microflora of the American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana L

Bracke

Cruden

Markovetz

1978

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The effect of feeding to cockroaches the antimicrobial agent metronidazole, which acts specifically against anaerobes, was assessed by light and scanning electron microscopy, bacteriological examination, and methane formation. Types of organisms and total numbers were greatly reduced from controls. The health of mature adults was unaffected, but stunting occurred in subadult animals maintained on the antibiotic from hatching. The intracellular bacteria of the fat body were not affected by the drug. The results are discussed with respect to a proposed microbe-host extracellular symbiosis.Studies of the alimentary canal of the cockroach indicate the presence of an elaborate hindgut microflora (7). Many of the attached microbes and unusual morphological forms have been refractory to isolation. As an alternative to the isolation and characterization of all the anaerobes possible, we have approached the problem of interactions of the hindgut flora with the animal via the possibilities of transport of microbial products across the hindgut wall (J. W. Bracke and A.

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“…After :::::2 h of feeding on dual-labelled leaf disks, insects were anesthetized in C0 2 -saturated water and carefully dissected. Exposed guts were bathed in a saline solution (Griffiths and Tauber 1943) while the ends were double ligated with polyester thread. The ligated guts were excised and incubated in 4 mL of saline solution for 3 hat 15.…”

Section: Transport Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose Digestion and Assimilation by Three Leaf‐shredding Aquatic Insects

Sinsabaugh¹,

Linkins²,

Benfield³

1985

Ecology

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. Abstract. The capacity of three leaf-shredding aquatic insects, Pteronarcys proteus (Plecoptera: Pteronarcidae), Tipula abdominalis (Diptera: Tipulidae), and Pycnopsyche luculenta (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae), to digest and assimilate cellulose was investigated. Pteronarcys nymphs collected from two second-order woodland streams over a 14-mo period exhibited high levels of cellulolytic activity in their alimentary tracts, especially in the anterior gut. Similar though slightly lower activity levels were measured in Pycnopsyche guts. Cellulolytic activity in Tipula larvae collected from the streams during the same period was low to absent, and when present, was concentrated in the hindgut. General proteolytic activity was similar in the alimentary tracts of all three species. Ecological Society of AmericaAssimilation of uniformly labelled 14C-cellulose was determined by a dual-label technique, and assimilation efficiencies were estimated at 11.2% for Pteronarcys, 18.5% for Tipula, and 12.0% for Pycnopsyche. Confirmation that labelled digestion products passed the gut wall in two species was obtained by in vitro label transport experiments. Ion exchange fractionation of labelled digestion products crossing the gut wall showed that >90% of the label was transported as organic acids and amino acids in Tipula, while >40% of the label crossing the gut wall in Pteronarcys was neutral sugar. Based on the label experiments and published information, we hypothesize that Tipula relies mainly on microbial endosymbionts for cellulose hydrolysis, while Pteronarcys accomplishes hydrolysis largely by means of acquired microbial enzymes obtained through ingestion of microbially conditioned detritus. This study demonstrates the potential for certain leaf-shredding stream insects to derive nutritional benefit from plant polysaccharides, although not without microbial mediation.

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EFFECTS OF pH AND OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON MUSCULAR ACTIVITY OF THE ISOLATED CROP OF PERIPLANETA AMERICANA (ORTHOPTERA)

Cited by 27 publications

References 13 publications

Effect of host diet on production of organic acids and methane by cockroach gut bacteria

Effect of host diet on production of organic acids and methane by cockroach gut bacteria

Effect of Metronidazole on the Intestinal Microflora of the American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana L

Cellulose Digestion and Assimilation by Three Leaf‐shredding Aquatic Insects

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