Effects of pedaling exercise on the intracortical inhibition of cortical leg area

Yamaguchi, Tomohiko; Fujiwara, Toshiyuki; Liu, William; Liu, Meigen

doi:10.1007/s00221-012-3026-7

Cited by 42 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…As indicated, previous research has demonstrated a decrease in SICI in exercising muscles [7]. The current results extend this finding to non-exercised muscles and indicate that such changes are not a direct consequence of preceding muscle activity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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Aerobic exercise modulates intracortical inhibition and facilitation in a nonexercised upper limb muscle

Singh

Duncan

Neva

et al. 2014

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

124

173

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BackgroundDespite growing interest in the relationship between exercise and short-term neural plasticity, the effects of exercise on motor cortical (M1) excitability are not well studied. Acute, lower-limb aerobic exercise may potentially modulate M1 excitability in working muscles, but the effects on muscles not involved in the exercise are unknown. Here we examined the excitability changes in an upper limb muscle representation following a single session of lower body aerobic exercise. Investigating the response to exercise in a non-exercised muscle may help to determine the clinical usefulness of lower-body exercise interventions for upper limb neurorehabilitation.MethodsIn this study, transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess input–output curves, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) in the extensor carpi radialis muscle in twelve healthy individuals following a single session of moderate stationary biking. Additionally, we examined whether the presence of a common polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene would affect the response of these measures to exercise.ResultsWe observed significant increases in ICF and decreases in SICI following exercise. No changes in LICI were detected, and no differences were observed in input–output curves following exercise, or between BDNF groups.ConclusionsThe current results demonstrate that the modulation of intracortical excitability following aerobic exercise is not limited to those muscles involved in the exercise, and that while exercise does not directly modulate the excitability of motor neurons, it may facilitate the induction of experience-dependent plasticity via a decrease in intracortical inhibition and increase in intracortical facilitation. These findings indicate that exercise may create favourable conditions for adaptive plasticity in M1 and may be an effective adjunct to traditional training or rehabilitation methods.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Recently, pedaling exercise has been shown to decrease intracortical inhibition in the leg region of M1 [7], which suggest that such an intervention may be effective in increasing excitability. However, in clinical settings, spasticity and muscle weakness are seen frequently in the upper limbs, particularly following a stroke.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerobic exercise modulates intracortical inhibition and facilitation in a nonexercised upper limb muscle

Singh

Duncan

Neva

et al. 2014

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

124

173

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“…However, some reports using transcranial magnetic stimulation, a more sensitive marker of motor corticospinal output, have suggested modulations within M1 following acute aerobic exercise (Yamaguchi et al. ; Singh et al. ; Smith et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on cortical contributions to motor preparation and execution

et al. 2014

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Increasing evidence supports the use of physical activity for modifying brain activity and overall neurological health. Specifically, aerobic exercise appears to have a positive effect on cognitive function, which some have suggested to be a result of increasing levels of arousal. However, the role of aerobic exercise on movement‐related cortical activity is less clear. We tested the hypothesis that (1) an acute bout of exercise modulates excitability within motor areas and (2) transient effects would be sustained as long as sympathetic drive remained elevated (indicated by heart rate). In experiment 1, participants performed unimanual self‐paced wrist extension movements before and after a 20‐min, moderate intensity aerobic exercise intervention on a recumbent cycle ergometer. After the cessation of exercise, Bereitschaftspotentials (BP), representative cortical markers for motor preparation, were recorded immediately postexercise (Post) and following a return to baseline heart rate (Post[Rest]). Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to measure the BP time‐locked to onset of muscle activity and separated into three main components: early, late and reafferent potentials. In experiment 2, two additional time points postexercise were added to the original protocol following the Post[Rest] condition. Early BP but not late BP was influenced by aerobic exercise, evidenced by an earlier onset, indicative of a regionally selective effect across BP generators. Moreover, this effect was sustained for up to an hour following exercise cessation and this effect was following a return to baseline heart rate. These data demonstrate that acute aerobic exercise may alter and possibly enhance the cortical substrates required for the preparation of movement.

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“…98 The effects of these paradigms on motor recovery are unknown; they have been suggested because of their documented effect on corticomotor excitability. Compared to stimulation-based priming, research on movement-based strategies to prime the motor system is minimal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor Priming in Neurorehabilitation

Stoykov

Madhavan

2015

Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy

120

104

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Priming is a type of implicit learning wherein a stimulus prompts a change in behavior. Priming has been long studied in the field of psychology. More recently, rehabilitation researchers have studied motor priming as a possible way to facilitate motor learning. For example, priming of the motor cortex is associated with changes in neuroplasticity that are associated with improvements in motor performance. Of the numerous motor priming paradigms under investigation, only a few are practical for the current clinical environment, and the optimal priming modalities for specific clinical presentations are not known. Accordingly, developing an understanding of the various types of motor priming paradigms and their underlying neural mechanisms is an important step for therapists in neurorehabilitation. Most importantly, an understanding of the methods and their underlying mechanisms is essential for optimizing rehabilitation outcomes. The future of neurorehabilitation is likely to include these priming methods, which are delivered prior to or in conjunction with primary neurorehabilitation therapies. In this Special Interest article we discuss those priming paradigms that are supported by the greatest amount of evidence including: (i) stimulation-based priming, (ii) motor imagery and action observation, (iii) sensory priming, (iv) movement-based priming, and (v) pharmacological priming.

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Effects of pedaling exercise on the intracortical inhibition of cortical leg area

Cited by 42 publications

References 21 publications

Aerobic exercise modulates intracortical inhibition and facilitation in a nonexercised upper limb muscle

Aerobic exercise modulates intracortical inhibition and facilitation in a nonexercised upper limb muscle

The influence of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on cortical contributions to motor preparation and execution

Motor Priming in Neurorehabilitation

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