Effects of Ornithine α-Ketoglutarate on Circulatory Antioxidants and Lipid Peroxidation Products in Ammonium Acetate Treated Rats

Abstract

The effects of ornithine α-ketoglutarate (OKG) on ammonium acetate induced hepatotoxicity were studied biochemically in rats. The levels of urea, nonprotein nitrogen, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly increased in ammonium acetate treated rats; these levels were significantly decreased in rats treated with ammonium acetate and OKG. Similar patterns of alterations were observed in the levels of free fatty acids, triglycerides, and phospholipids. Furthermore, nonenzymatic antioxidants (vitamins C and E) were significantly decreased in ammonium acetate treated rats, when compared with control rats, and increased in OKG and ammonium acetate treated rats. The biochemical alterations during OKG treatment could be (1) by detoxifying excess ammonia; (2) by participating in nonenzymatic oxidative decarboxylation in the hydrogen peroxide decomposition process, and (3) by enhancing the proper metabolism of fats which could suppress oxygen radical generation and thus prevent the lipid peroxidative damages in rats.

Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) lowers body weight and affects intestinal innate immunity through influencing intestinal microbiota

“…Similarly, oral therapy with AKG lowered the body weight in experimentally induced hypercholesterolemia in rats [21]. The reason might be that AKG reduces fat deposition [22] or improves lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation via enhancing Arg and NO synthesis [23]. However, a report has shown that 1% AKG supplementation in the basal diet had little effect on feed intake and weight gain in LPS- challenged piglets [9], while another study has found that 1% AKG increases weight gain, but decreases the feed conversion ratio in the juvenile hybrid sturgeon [24].…”

Commiphora molmolModulates Glutamate-Nitric Oxide-cGMP and Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 Pathways and Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Hematological Alterations in Hyperammonemic Rats

“…Previous research from our lab showed significant increase in lipid peroxidation in the liver, brain, and kidney of NH 4 Cl-induced hyperammonemic rats [10, 11]. Other studies have reported increased lipid peroxidation in animal models of hyperammonemia [16, 65, 66]. Moreover, NH 4 Cl-induced hyperammonemic rats showed a marked increase in NO levels in the liver, kidney, and cerebrum.…”

Pongamia pinnata modulates the oxidant–antioxidant imbalance in ammonium chloride‐induced hyperammonemic rats

“…A relationship between oxidative stress and hyperammonemia has been well established and evidences point out that the oxidative stress and free radical production could be involved in the mechanism of ammonia toxicity [7,8,41,42,46–50]. This might have decreased levels of enzymatic (GPx, SOD, and CAT) and non‐enzymatic (Vitamin A, C, E, and GSH) antioxidants in group III rats.…”

“…Previous reports have shown that PPEt is an effective free radical scavenger [45] and also it was reported that in vitro studies of the alcoholic extract of PP flowers revealed marked nitric oxide scavenging activity, suggesting potent antioxidant property [26]. A relationship between oxidative stress and hyperammonemia has been well established and evidences point out that the oxidative stress and free radical production could be involved in the mechanism of ammonia toxicity [7,8,41,42,[46][47][48][49][50]. This might have decreased levels of enzymatic (GPx, SOD, and CAT) and non-enzymatic (Vitamin A, C, E, and GSH) antioxidants in group III rats.…”