No abstract

The effects of ornithine α-ketoglutarate (OKG) on ammonium acetate induced hepatotoxicity were studied biochemically in rats. The levels of urea, nonprotein nitrogen, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly increased in ammonium acetate treated rats; these levels were significantly decreased in rats treated with ammonium acetate and OKG. Similar patterns of alterations were observed in the levels of free fatty acids, triglycerides, and phospholipids. Furthermore, nonenzymatic antioxidants (vitamins C and E) were significantly decreased in ammonium acetate treated rats, when compared with control rats, and increased in OKG and ammonium acetate treated rats. The biochemical alterations during OKG treatment could be (1) by detoxifying excess ammonia; (2) by participating in nonenzymatic oxidative decarboxylation in the hydrogen peroxide decomposition process, and (3) by enhancing the proper metabolism of fats which could suppress oxygen radical generation and thus prevent the lipid peroxidative damages in rats.

Abstract:To evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Ziziphus jujuba leaves against paracetamol-induced liver injury in experimental rats. Ziziphus jujuba has been traditionally used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine as a chief ingredient in many polyherbal formulations as antioxidant. To evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of aqueous leaf extract of Ziziphus jujuba leaves. Animals were pre-treated with the aqueous leaf extract for 7 days and then toxicity was induced with a single paracetamol oral injection. Pre-treatment with 150mg/kg of aqueous leaf extract of Ziziphus jujuba improved the reduced glutathione (oxidized), SOD, catalase, and peroxidase levels significantly as compared to control group. Silymarin was used as standard reference and exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The biochemical observation was reported for rat liver sections. The results of this study strongly indicate that Ziziphus jujuba leaves have potent hepatoprotective action against paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats. Aqueous extract was found more potent hepatoprotective. Meanwhile, in vivo antioxidant activities were also screened which were positive for aqueous extracts. On the basis of this study, we conclude that aqueous extract of Ziziphus jujuba possesses in vivo antioxidant activity and can be employed in protecting tissues from oxidative damage and stress.

In the present study about, 66 copepod parasites of Lernaeenicus hemiramphi of two Hemiramphus sp., H. far (17 copepod) and H. lutkei (49 copepod), and an isopod (Mothocya plagulophora) on the gill chamber were observed. H. lutkei was added as a new host for L. hemiramphi. The copepod infestation was almost on the ventral side of the hosts.