Effects of Open Technique Rhinoplasty on Mimicry

Abstract

This study demonstrated that facial nerve integrity is minimally affected after rhinoplasty, yet all affected muscles were recovered on the long term.

Human olfactory stem cells for injured facial nerve reconstruction in a rat model

“…Nerve transection generates functional and aesthetic problems along with social and psychological drawbacks. [17][18][19][20][21] Autologous nerve grafts have been successful in many cases, especially for those who have nerve loss and are not able to obtain an end-to-end cooptation; however, the Schwann cells that are used in the grafts are difficult to obtain autologously, and there is a risk of immunological rejection when xenogeneic Schwann cells are used. [22][23][24] Stem cell-loaded conduits are, in principle, a good alternative for the reconstruction of damaged facial nerves, as they do not elicit strong immunogenic responses or donor area morbidity but increase axonal regeneration using Schwann cells as a resource.…”

Investigating the role of nasal muscles in nasal obstruction after open technique rhinoplasty: A case-control study by electromyographic evaluation

“…One limitation of our study is that the observation period is as short as 6 months. As in the study of Batioglu-Karaaltin et al [14], amplitudes could be increased during longer follow-ups, due to the fact that insufficient muscle contraction, positional changes in muscles and soft tissues, and edema all may cause lower EMG amplitudes during the postoperative period. All these factors are likely to improve in the future, allowing muscle amplitudes to increase [13].…”

“…About 6.6% of the closed rhinoplasty group and 11.1% of the open rhinoplasty group showed a decrease in EMG amplitudes of the nasal muscles and significant decreases in post-op amplitudes were found according to ENoG results. In a study by Batioglu-Karaaltin et al [14] investigating the effect of open rhinoplasty on mimic movements involving 20 patients, a decrease was observed in all amplitudes of bilateral transverse nasal, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi and procerus muscles in the 3 rd month following rhinoplasty. However, the significant decrease was found only in the left levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle.…”

“…The potentials of nasal motor units can be recorded from the skin using surface electrodes, although the size of the nasal muscles is very small and can be selectively discriminated between various electrical activities [9]. In the literature, EMG was used in some studies comparing muscle activities before and after rhinoplasty [11,12], while ENoG was used in others [13,14]. Although ENoG provides more information about muscle functions, patient compliance is more difficult because it is performed by external stimulation.…”