“…G. HALES EM¯eld e®ects have been routinely reported all along, leading some researchers to expect the \closed loop" behavior of Fig. 1(b) (Anastassiou et al, 2010;Aronsson & Liljenstrom, 2001;Bikson et al, 2004;Bishop & Oleary, 1950;Faber & Korn, 1989;Francis et al, 2003;Je®erys, 1981Je®erys, , 1995Je®erys & Haas, 1982;McIntyre & Grill, 1999;Noebels & Prince, 1978;Parra & Bikson, 2004;Rall & Shepherd, 1968;Reato et al, 2010;Taylor & Dudek, 1982;Terzuolo & Bullock, 1956). The cultural partitioning of views, along open/closed loop EM¯eld lines, was su±ciently unsettling that it once lead to a call for resolution (Bullock, 1997).…”