Effects of Nicotine on Olfactogustatory Incentives: Preference, Palatability, and Operant Choice Tests

Palmatier, Matthew I.; Lantz, Jaden E.; O’Brien, Laura C.; Metz, Sarah P.

doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt016

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…However, our anecdotal observation confirmed that when two rats poke their noses into the divider at the same time, they were always at the same hole. Nicotine is known to enhance the effect of nonpharmacological rewards (Palmatier et al 2005; Palmatier et al 2013). Our data suggest that nicotine enhances social reward.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socially acquired nicotine self-administration with an aversive flavor cue in adolescent female rats

2016

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Rationale Establishing a behavioral model for the effect of social environment on nicotine intake in rodents facilitates the investigation of molecular mechanisms critical for the interaction between social environment and cigarette smoking. Objectives Our main objective was to test the hypothesis that nicotine is the primary reinforcer in the socially acquired nicotine intravenous self-administration (IVSA) model by using an aversive flavor cue. Methods Adolescent female rats were placed in operant conditioning chambers equipped with two lickometers. Operant licking triggered concurrent deliveries of a flavor (i.e., taste and odor) cue containing either quinine or saccharin and an i.v. infusion (30 μg/kg nicotine or saline). An audiovisual cue was provided for some groups of rats. A second rat that did not receive nicotine was placed in the operant conditioning chambers to provide either a neutral or an inducing (i.e., by consuming the flavored solution) social environment. These two rats were separated by a divider that allowed orofacial interactions. Results Rats acquired stable nicotine IVSA with either the aversive or the appetitive flavor cue in the inducing social environment, and obtained similar amounts of infusions. The neutral social environment did not support nicotine IVSA with either cue. The audiovisual cue per se did not support nicotine IVSA but enhanced nicotine intake. Nicotine increased the number of concurrent nose pokes by the two rats into the center divider, a measure of social interaction. Conclusions Despite its aversive effects, nicotine is the primary reinforcer for the operant responses in the socially acquired nicotine IVSA model.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socially acquired nicotine self-administration with an aversive flavor cue in adolescent female rats

2016

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“…Disparate appetitive stimuli also have been shown to be subject to NIC enhancement, including gustatory stimuli, sucrose-paired stimuli, drug-paired stimuli, and social interactions. 9,12,16,21 Moreover, although the number of stimulus-context pairings differed between FS and LiCl conditioning, NIC enhanced avoidance behavior supported by both aversive stimuli. Finally, the reinforcement-enhancement effect of NIC was present at both NIC doses, consistent with previous results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…[9][10][11][12] Alternatively, NIC might promote behavior that results in the removal of a potentially aversive stimulus. 13 We attempted to resolve this issue by utilizing two distinct stimuli known to be aversive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[9][10][11][12] In some cases, NIC enhances responding for a change in stim-of positive reinforcers (eg, an "off" house light has greater value in the presence of NIC) as demonstrated with other stimuli, [9][10][11][12] or an increase in the value of aversive stimuli (eg, an "on" house light is more aversive in the presence of NIC, and therefore, rats increase lever pressing that results in its removal). Experiments designed to discriminate between these possibilities will improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which NIC exerts its enhancement effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nicotine Enhances Footshock- and Lithium Chloride-Conditioned Place Avoidance in Male Rats

Buffalari

Mollica

Smith

et al. 2016

NICTOB

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Introduction: Numerous studies have shown that nicotine (NIC) can enhance the reinforcing effects of non-NIC stimuli through a nonassociative mechanism. To date, it is unclear whether NIC reinforcement enhancement serves to increase behaviors motivated by rewarding stimuli only, or whether NIC potentiates behavior motivated by all stimuli, regardless of valence. Methods: The current study used a place conditioning procedure to examine whether acute NIC injection modulates avoidance of an environment previously associated with an aversive stimulus. Separate groups of rats underwent place conditioning using either lithium chloride (125 mg/kg/ml, i.p.) or footshock (0.75 mA) as the aversive stimulus. Other rats served as nonconditioned controls. The magnitude of place avoidance was assessed after acute NIC (0.1 or 0.4 mg/kg/ml, s.c.) or saline. Results: Rats avoided chambers previously paired with either lithium chloride or footshock, and conditioned place avoidance was significantly enhanced by NIC pre-treatment.Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the ability of NIC to enhance motivated behavior extends to behaviors elicited by aversive stimuli, evidence that NIC affects behavior motivated by a broader range of stimuli than previously appreciated. Implications: The current study examined whether the reinforcement enhancement properties of NIC apply to aversive stimuli by testing NIC enhancement of conditioned place avoidance in rats. The results demonstrate that NIC enhances the motivational impact of these distinct aversive stimuli, providing novel evidence that NIC affects behavior motivated by a broader range of stimuli than has previously been demonstrated.

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“…For the smoker, this means that other reinforcers ongoing while smoking (i.e., self-administering nicotine) may be more potent than when not smoking (see Caggiula et al, 2009 for a review). In laboratory studies, this effect is shown by increased operant responding in rodents for a variety of rewards such as food (Barrett and Bevins, 2013; Palmatier et al, 2013) and visual stimuli (Donny et al, 2003; Barrett and Bevins, 2012) after nicotine exposure. In addition, this effect is not specific to non-human animals, as increased levels of responding for music has been shown in humans after nicotine exposure (Perkins and Karelitz, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the reinforcement-enhancement effects of phencyclidine and its interactions with nicotine on lever-pressing for a visual stimulus

Swalve

Barrett

Bevins

et al. 2015

Behavioural Brain Research

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Nicotine is a widely-abused drug, yet its primary reinforcing effect does not seem potent as other stimulants such as cocaine. Recent research on the contributing factors toward chronic use of nicotine-containing products has implicated the role of reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine. The present study investigates whether phencyclidine (PCP) may also possess a reinforcement-enhancement effect and how this may interact with the reinforcement-enhancement effect of nicotine. PCP was tested for two reasons: 1) it produces discrepant results on overall reward, similar to that seen with nicotine and 2) it may elucidate how other compounds may interact with the reinforcement-enhancement of nicotine. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to lever press for brief visual stimulus presentations under fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement and then were tested with nicotine (0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg) and/or PCP (2.0 mg/kg) over six increasing FR values. A selective increase in active lever-pressing for the visual stimulus with drug treatment was considered evidence of a reinforcement-enhancement effect. PCP and nicotine separately increased active lever pressing for a visual stimulus in a dose-dependent manner and across the different FR schedules. The addition of PCP to nicotine did not increase lever-pressing for the visual stimulus, possibly due to a ceiling effect. The effect of PCP may be driven largely by its locomotor stimulant effects, whereas the effect of nicotine was independent of locomotor stimulation. This dissociation emphasizes that distinct pharmacological properties contribute to the reinforcement-enhancement effects of substances.

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Effects of Nicotine on Olfactogustatory Incentives: Preference, Palatability, and Operant Choice Tests

Cited by 16 publications

References 27 publications

Socially acquired nicotine self-administration with an aversive flavor cue in adolescent female rats

Socially acquired nicotine self-administration with an aversive flavor cue in adolescent female rats

Nicotine Enhances Footshock- and Lithium Chloride-Conditioned Place Avoidance in Male Rats

Examining the reinforcement-enhancement effects of phencyclidine and its interactions with nicotine on lever-pressing for a visual stimulus

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