Effects of n-3 PUFAs on Intestinal Mucosa Innate Immunity and Intestinal Microbiota in Mice after Hemorrhagic Shock Resuscitation

Abstract

n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can improve the function of the intestinal barrier after damage from ischemia-reperfusion or hemorrhagic shock resuscitation (HSR). However, the effects of n-3 PUFAs on intestinal microbiota and the innate immunity of the intestinal mucosa after HSR remain unclear. In the present study, 40 C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to five groups: control, sham, HSR, HSR + n-3 PUFAs and HSR + n-6 PUFAs. Mice were sacrificed 12 h after HSR. Liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and terminal ileal tissues were collected. Intestinal mucosae were scraped aseptically. Compared with the HSR group, the number of goblet cells increased, expression of mucin 2 was restored and disturbed intestinal microbiota were partly stabilized in the PUFA-administered groups, indicating that both n-3 and n-6 PUFAs reduced overproliferation of Gammaproteobacteria while promoting the growth of Bacteroidetes. Notably, n-3 PUFAs had an advantage over n-6 PUFAs in improving ileal tissue levels of lysozyme after HSR. Thus, PUFAs, especially n-3 PUFAs, partly improved the innate immunity of intestinal mucosa in mice after HSR. These findings suggest a clinical rationale for providing n-3 PUFAs to patients recovering from ischemia-reperfusion.

Elevated Systemic and Intestinal Inflammatory Response Are Associated With Gut Microbiome Disorder After Cardiovascular Surgery

“…The decrease of alpha diversity and anaerobes and the increase of Enterococcus were the main characteristics of intestinal microbiological changes after surgery. As is well known, cardiovascular patients receiving general anesthesia, supported by cardiopulmonary bypass or not, would suffer surgical trauma and ischemic intestinal reperfusion injury, which had been confirmed as disturbing factors of intestinal microbe ( Tian et al, 2016 ; Malan-Muller et al, 2018 ; Serbanescu et al, 2019 ). Besides, the application of antibiotics and the environment of a hospital would also disrupt the gut microbiome ( Ruppe et al, 2018 ; Fassarella et al, 2020 ; Zheng et al, 2020 ).…”

Dietary Chlorella vulgaris Ameliorates Altered Immunomodulatory Functions in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mice

“…A growing number of studies have shown that nutrition supplement and dietary change are deemed critical to regulating immunity response [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Chlorella vulgaris ( Chlorophytes, Chlorophyceae ), a unicellular green alga, is a potential health food source with a proportional content of many macro- and micronutrients including proteins, essential amino acids, carbohydrates, dietary fibers, fatty acids, nucleic acids, vitamins, growth factors, minerals, and chlorophyll [ 10 ].…”

The Intestinal Microbiome after Traumatic Injury

“…He et al administered resveratrol, a phenol, to mice after SCI which restored the intestinal microbiota from postinjury dysbiosis and increased fecal butyrate at seven days [ 96 ]. Tian et al showed in a murine model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation that administration of n -3 or n -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids afterward resulted in improved mucin production and increased goblet cells in the intestines and an abundance of commensal bacteria compared to untreated counterparts only 12 h after injury [ 97 ]. Hou et al studied a model of brain injury in male rats and showed that administration of brain proteins and Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium probiotics resulted in elevated alpha-diversity and decreased intestinal permeability compared to untreated counterparts in addition to decreased circulating inflammatory cytokines within two weeks of injury [ 25 ].…”