Effects of multiple dosing of fenthion, fenitrothion, and desbromoleptophos in young chicks

Farage-Elawar, Miranda; Bm, Francis

doi:10.1080/15287398809531108

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The signs of cholinergic toxicity seen in our chicks correspond to those reported elsewhere for chickens acutely poisoned with OP insecticides (17,19,27). In both avian and mammalian species OP inhibits the true ChE in the nervous tissues, which results in the appearance of nicotinic, muscarinic and central nervous symptoms (5,16,20,21).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

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Acute Toxicity of Veterinary and Agricultural Formulations of Organophosphates Dichlorvos and Diazinon in Chicks

Al-Zubaidy

Mousa

Hasan

et al. 2011

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Formulation components of organophosphate insecticidal preparations might affect their toxic action in animals. The objective of this study was to examine and compare the acute toxicity and cholinesterase inhibition in seven to 14-day-old chicks dosed orally with dichlorvos and diazinon in standard veterinary and agricultural formulations. The acute (24 h) oral median lethal doses (LD 50 ) of the formulations were determined using the up-and-down method. Respective LD 50 of dichlorvos of the veterinary and agricultural formulations in chicks were 11.1 mg kg -1 and 6.51 mg kg -1 and those of diazinon 6.4 mg kg -1 and 6.7 mg kg -1 . Plasma and brain cholinesterase activities were measured by electrometry after in vivo and in vitro exposure to organophosphates. The chicks showed signs of cholinergic toxicosis within one hour of dosing. Dichlorvos (8 mg kg -1 ) and diazinon (4 mg kg -1 ) in the veterinary and agricultural formulation signifi cantly reduced both plasma and brain cholinesterase activities in the chicks. The veterinary formulation of dichlorvos reduced plasma ChE by 60 % and agricultural by 40 % and brain ChE by 93 % and 87 %, respectively. In contrast, ChE inhibition by diazinon in the agricultural formulation of diazinon was stronger than by the veterinary formulation; 72 % vs. 64 % in plasma and 97 % vs. 80 % in the brain, respectively. The highest in vitro inhibitions were observed with dichlorvos in the agricultural formulation (50 %) in the brain samples and with diazinon in the agricultural formulation (52 %) in the plasma samples. While they exist, differences between formulations cannot be taken as a rule and further investigations should inventory the toxicity of standard veterinary and agricultural organophosphate formulations in addition to the known data for pure forms.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

“…The toxicity of OP insecticides varies between animal species. In vivo avian studies usually involve chicks (17)(18)(19). The diagnostic or biomarker endpoint of OP poisoning in the avian species is the reduction of ChE activity in the plasma, serum, or brain (16,(20)(21)(22).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Toxicity of Veterinary and Agricultural Formulations of Organophosphates Dichlorvos and Diazinon in Chicks

Al-Zubaidy

Mousa

Hasan

et al. 2011

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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show abstract

“…Decreases in ChE activity to 50 % or less of the normal is accepted as confirmation of exposure or diagnosis of acute poisoning with these insecticides (3,15,16). Various reports indicate close association between reduced blood or brain ChE activity and acute toxicosis induced by doses close to or higher than the median lethal doses (LD 50 ) of OP insecticides in rodents and birds (3,9,(16)(17)(18)(19).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chicks have already been used in experimental models of acute or subchronic OP poisoning (17)(18)(19)(20)(21). Assessing ChE inhibition profiles in OP poisoned chickens is a widely accepted standard for monitoring toxicosis and lethality (17,(22)(23)(24).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute Toxicity and Cholinesterase Inhibition in Chicks Dosed Orally with Organophosphate Insecticides

Mohammad

Albadrany

Al-Jobory

2008

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Acute toxic effects of three commonly used insecticidal preparations of the organophosphates chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and dichlorvos were examined in mixed breed broiler chicks, and cholinesterase activity in plasma and brain were measured. The acute (24 h) oral median lethal doses (LD 50 ) of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and dichlorvos were 10.79 mg kg -1 , 6.32 mg kg -1 , and 6.30 mg kg -1 , respectively, as determined by the up-and-down method in chicks. Signs of cholinergic toxicosis in the chicks appeared within two hours after dosing, and they included salivation, lacrimation, gasping, frequent defecation, drooping of wings, tremors, convulsions, and recumbency before death. Halving the oral LD 50 of chlorpyrifos (5 mg kg ) caused immobility and wing drooping, but not the clinical signs of cholinergic toxicity. However, at full LD 50 doses of these insecticides, chicks showed clinical signs of cholinergic toxicity similar to those seen in the LD 50 experiments. Two out of six chicks died within two hours after treatment with LD 50 doses of chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos, whereas LD 50 dosing with diazinon caused death in three out of six chicks. Compared to control values, the insecticides reduced plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities by 29 % to 84 % and 18 % to 77 %, respectively, depending on the dose. The decrease in plasma cholinesterase correlated well (r = 0.82) with that of the brain. These data suggest that organophosphate insecticides administered orally at LD 50 doses induce clinical signs of cholinergic poisoning and concurrently reduce brain and plasma cholinesterase activities in chicks.

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Effects of in ovo injection of carbamates on chick embryo hatchability, esterase enzyme activity and locomotion of chicks

Farage-Elawar

1990

J of Applied Toxicology

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Carbaryl and aldicarb, two carbamate pesticides used extensively throughout the United States, are known to act as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. We have demonstrated previously that exposure to carbaryl and aldicarb in young chicks caused persistent locomotion alterations with no correlation to esterase inhibition. In this study, we investigated the effects of these carbamates when injected in ovo to chick embryos, at two time periods (days 5 and 15) during incubation. Carbaryl dosed at 45 mg kg-1 egg weight was extremely toxic to the embryos on day 5 of incubation. Hatchability was reduced to 0% as compared to 80% when carbaryl was injected on day 15 of incubation. Aldicarb at 1.5 mg kg-1 egg weight had no major effect on hatchability when injected either on day 5 or day 15 of incubation (hatchability = 90 and 100%, respectively). Plasma, liver and brain esterases were measured in the chick at different time points during incubation and after hatching. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and liver cholinesterase (ChE) were inhibited significantly during incubation in embryos dosed on day 15 with both carbaryl and aldicarb. Liver carboxylesterase was inhibited significantly during incubation with only the carbaryl treatment. All esterase enzyme activities returned to normal after hatching. Plasma ChE and carboxylesterase levels were not affected with either carbaryl or aldicarb treatment from 8 until 47 days after hatching. Neither carbamate had any effect on brain neuropathy target esterase (NTE) activity either during incubation or after hatching. The locomotion of chicks was affected in both treatment groups until 47 days after hatching. This study indicates that carbaryl and aldicarb may cause long-term delayed alterations in the chicks.

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Effects of multiple dosing of fenthion, fenitrothion, and desbromoleptophos in young chicks

Cited by 14 publications

References 18 publications

Acute Toxicity of Veterinary and Agricultural Formulations of Organophosphates Dichlorvos and Diazinon in Chicks

Acute Toxicity of Veterinary and Agricultural Formulations of Organophosphates Dichlorvos and Diazinon in Chicks

Acute Toxicity and Cholinesterase Inhibition in Chicks Dosed Orally with Organophosphate Insecticides

Effects of in ovo injection of carbamates on chick embryo hatchability, esterase enzyme activity and locomotion of chicks

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