Effects of modified cellulose nanocrystals on the barrier and migration properties of PLA nano-biocomposites

Nanocellulose in Thin Films, Coatings, and Plies for Packaging Applications: A Review

“…Similar effects have been found when cellulose nanocrystals were used to reinforce a natural rubber matrix (Bras et al 2010) or poly-lactic acid (PLA) (SanchezGarcia and Lagaron 2010;Hossain et al 2011;Fortunati et al 2012b;Martínez-Sanz et al 2012;Song et al 2014). However, Pereda et al (2011 reported no beneficial effects relative to water vapor penetration or other attributes when including nanocellulose in a sodium caseinate-type protein film.…”

“…The nanocellulose in those products made it possible to maintain a stable mesoporous structure, and the films showed promise for use in air filtration. Non-aqueous media When the matrix phase to be reinforced by nanocellulose is too hydrophobic to dissolve in water, non-aqueous solvents have been employed in the preparation of such films and coatings (Grunert and Winter 2002;Petersson and Oksman 2006; SanchezGarcia et al 2008; Ayuk et al 2009;Petersson et al 2009;Hossain et al 2011;Fortunati et al 2012b;Hassan et al 2012;Salmieri et al 2014b;Song et al 2014;Fortunati et al 2015;Kiziltas et al 2015;Urbina et al 2016). By employing a solvent with a sufficiently low boiling point, the film preparation can be carried out with good distribution of the reinforcement, suitably low viscosity to allow easy spreading of the film, ready evaporation REVIEW ARTICLE bioresources.com .…”

“…In this way, nanocellulose-related films have the potential to either increase the shelf life of foods, to prevent the accumulation of unwanted odors or contamination of the food, or conversely to avoid the escape of food odors. The following articles indicate strong performance of nanocellulose-containing films as oxygen barriers (George et al 2005;Pääkkö et al 2007;Fukuzumi et al 2009;Syverud and Stenius 2009; Aulin et al 2010a; Edlund et al 2010;Hult et al 2010;Plackett et al 2010;Yang et al 2011;Charani et al 2013;Fortunati et al 2012b;Martínez-Sanz et al 2012; Rodionova et al 2012a,b;Savadekar et al 2012;Stevanic et al 2012; Espino-Pérez et al 2013;Li et al 2013a;Martínez-Sanz et al 2013a;Österberg et al 2013; Paunonen 2013a,b;Iotti 2014;Kumar et al 2014;Lavoine et al 2014c;Liu et al 2014;Miettinen et al 2014;Ibn Yaich et al 2015;Rojo et al 2015;Cheng et al 2016;Shimizu et al 2016). …”

“…Several other research groups have employed related strategies to hydrophobically modify nanocellulose materials for use in solvent-casting with a hydrophobic matrix (Hassan et al 2012;Song et al 2014). Alternatively, Fortunati et al (2012b) found that uniform mixing of un-modified nanocellulose in such a system could be achieved by adding a surfactant, due to reduction in surface energy of nanocellulose by surfactants. …”

Isolation of whiskers from natural sources and their dispersed in a non-aqueous medium

“…However, this restricts their use in the matrices of hydrophobic polymers due to difficulties related to their dispersion in these systems. Studies have been directed toward obtaining an adequate dispersion of whiskers in hydrophobic matrices, using approaches such as the addition of anionic surfactants or tert-butanol to the dispersing medium [19] , the use of a cationic surfactant [20] , the use of partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) [21] , surface functionalization of the whiskers [22][23][24] , the use of lyophilization and redispersion in a non-aqueous solvent. Of these proposed methods, the redispersion of the whiskers in non-aqueous solvents has proved to be a promising technique which allows homogeneous dispersion in hydrophobic polymers, it being necessary to assess the process conditions in relation to the polymer matrix.…”