Effects of Maturational Changes Upon the Orientation of Auricular Activation Vector in Sheep

Tovar, P.; Santisteban, R.

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0442.1987.tb00249.x

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…As the lambs grew, the amplitude of the P wave declined, with values declining until they became similar to those described for adults. Adults have the lowest P wave range because of their larger body size, which increases the distance between the electrode and the focus of atrial depolarization, promoting a lower voltage [ 44 , 45 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The normal electrocardiograms in the conscious newborn lambs in neonatal period and its progression

et al. 2015

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BackgroundVeterinary cardiology, especially electrocardiography, has shown major advancements for all animal species. Consequently, the number of ovine species used as experimental animals has increased to date. Few studies have been published on ovine systematic electrocardiography, particularly with respect to lamb physiology and neonatology. This study aimed to standardize the values of normal waves, complexes, and intervals of the electrocardiogram (ECG) in clinically Bergamasca healthy neonatal lambs, used as experimental animals. Serial computerized electrocardiography was performed in 10 male and 12 female neonates on the 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, and 35th days of age. The following parameters were analyzed: heart rate and rhythm, duration and amplitude of waves, duration of intervals, and heart electrical axis.ResultsDuring the first 35 days of life, (1) the sinusal heart rhythm was predominant, (2) there was a progressive decrease in the heart rate and R and T wave amplitude, and (3) a progressive increase in the PR, QT, and RR intervals. Finally, we confirmed that various components of neonatal evolution were more discernible in the augmented unipolar leads (aVF), which we recommend should be preferentially used in future studies. No significant statistical alterations were observed between males and females in relation to the analyzed parameters.ConclusionsThe information assimilated in this study is anticipated to enhance the diagnosis of multiple congenital heart defects in Bergamasca lambs and could be implemented in studies that use ovine species as experimental models.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The normal electrocardiograms in the conscious newborn lambs in neonatal period and its progression

et al. 2015

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“…Although previously applied in other species, it is probably less valuable to justify the selection of a lead system on the basis of the variability of results issued from a large number of subjects. Indeed, the between-calf variability obtained in this study could be attributed not only to the technique, but also to confounding variables such as age (VAN ARSDEL et al, 1963;GHERGARIU et al, 1970;HAMLIN et al, 1972;LIEBMAN and PLONSEY, 1977;LOMBARD et al, 1984;SANTISTEBAN eta]., 1986;SANTISTEBAN et al, 1987b;TOVAR and SANTISTEBAN, 1987a;TOVAR and SANTISTEBAN, 1987b;RUBIO et al, 1989a;RUBIO et al, 1989b), breed (SMITH et al, 1957; VAN ARSDEL et al, 1963;PIPBERGER et al, 1967;WALKER and WALKER, 1969;SCHULTZ and PRETORIUS, 1972;UNSHELM et al, 1974;MORGANROTH and MARON, 1977;FREGIN, 1982), bodily conformation (HAMLIN and SMITH, 1960;IKAHEIMO et al, 1979;DITCHEY et al, 1981) or sex (WALKER and WALKER, 1969) of the subjects. However, when the Ei, Ha and Mu lead system were used, the P, QRS and T modal horizontal vectors magnitude and angles showed very large differences between the calves (Tables 4 and 5, Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…So large between-subject variations may not be interpreted as physiological. Several authors (BROOIJMANS, 1957;SMITH et al, 1957; VAN ARSDEL et al, 1959;HOLMES and DARKE, 1970;HOLMES and ELSE, 1972;Buss et al, 1975;SZABUNIEWICZ and CLARK, 1976;UPADHYAY et al, 1976;DE ROTH, 1980;FREGIN, 1982;SANTISTEBAN et al, 1987a;RUBIO et al, 1989 a) also reported, in large animals, wide variations in electrocardiographic data measured in the horizontal plane when classical limb leads, or leads derived therefrom, are used. This may be due to the fact that the limb leads are unable to produce vectocardiographic data representative of the true cardiac electric field .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Theoretically, when most of the cardiac electric forces behave at the body surface as arising from a relatively immobile dipole, as it has been demonstrated in ungulae (HOLMES and ALPS, 1967a;DARKE and HOLMES, 1969;DARKE and HOLMES, 1970), three orthogonal leads mutually perpendicular, intersecting at the dipole centre and consisting of equidistant electrodes are all that should be required to define the dipole activity (HAMLIN et al, 1964;HOLMES and DARKE, 1970). In horses, the first orthogonal lead system has been developed by HAMLIN et al (1964), and is still widely used in various large animals species, i. e., horses (WHITE and RHODE, 1974;FREGIN, 1982;TOVAR et al, 1989), cattle (DE ROTH, 1980;SANTISTEBAN et al, 1986;SANTISTEBAN et al, 1987a), goats (SZABUNIEWICZ and CLARK, 1976), pigs (RUBIO et al, 1989aRUBIO et al, 1989b) andsheep (HAMLIN et al, 1972;TOVAR and SANTISTEBAN, 1987 b). For this reason, in the present study, the Ha lead system was compared to the other lead systems regarding its ability to represent the tridimensional modal P, QRS and T vectors in the bovine species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bovine Vectocardiography: A Comparative Study Relative to the Validity of four Tridimensional Lead Systems

Amory

Génicot

Lekeux

1992

Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A

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Summary For spatial vectocardiography to become applicable for cardiac investigation in cattle, it was necessary to develop a reliable standardized electrocardiographic lead system in this species. In this study, four tridimensional lead systems, initially developed in horses, were compared when applied in calves. Fifty seven electrocardiograms were collected. The between‐subject variability of the magnitude and angles of the tridimensional P, QRS and T modal vectors obtained by use of each lead system was compared. Reproducibility of vectocardiographic measurements was analyzed by comparing results obtained in 10 calves within a one day interval. The Holmes semi‐orthogonal lead system, giving the lowest between‐subject variability and the highest between‐day reproducibility, appeared to be the most reliable lead system in order to apply vectocardiography in the bovine species.

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“…ECG studies in sheep and dogs have shown age-related variations (2,24). But there were no major differences between sexes for ECG parameters of the dogs have been reported (8).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Some electrocardiographic values of Angora goats

ŞİMŞEK¹

2014

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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Summary:Electrocardiography is a noninvasive and easily applied technique used in the determination of cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation, the classification of cardiac arrhythmias, and the diagnosis of conduction abnormalities. The aim of this study was to determine the normal electrocardiographic (ECG) values in Angora goats. A total of 30 healthy Angora goats of both sexes, ranging in age from 1 to 2 years, were used in the study. The 3 standard bipolar limb leads (I, II, III) and unipolar augmented limb leads (aVR, aVL, aVF) were recorded with the goats standing. The morphology and amplitude of P waves, QRS complexes, and T waves were analyzed in all leads. Cardiac rhythm, heart rate, and the durations of P, QRS and T waves, as well as the PR interval and QT interval, were calculated in the limb leads. The mean electrical axis for each individual was determined from the net amplitude of the QRS complex in leads I and III. Most of the animals had sinus rhythm. The mean heart rate was 108.71 ± 3.289 per minute and ranged from 75 to 143. The mean electrical axis was between -178° and +170°. In conclusion, the findings presented here may be useful to clinicians and researchers as reference values for the normal ECG of Angora goats.Keywords: Angora goat, configuration, electrocardiogram, wave. Ankara keçilerinde bazı elektrokardiyografik değerlerÖzet: Non-invaziv ve kolayca uygulanan elektrokardiyografi; kalpteki dilatasyon ve hipertrofilerin belirlenmesinde, kardiyak aritmilerin sınıflandırılmasında ve iletim bozukluklarının teşhisinde kullanılan bir tekniktir. Bu çalışmada Ankara keçilerine ait bazı elektrokardiyografik değerlerin ortaya konulması amaçlandı. Çalışmada her iki cinsiyetten, 1-2 yaş arası, toplam 30 tane sağlıklı Ankara keçisi kullanıldı. Hayvanlardan ayakta bipolar ekstremite derivasyonları (I, II, III) ve artırılmış unipolar ekstremite derivasyonlarının (aVR, aVL, aVF) kayıtları alındı. Tüm derivasyonlarda P dalgası, QRS kompleksi ve T dalgalarının morfolojileri ve amplitüdleri belirlendi. Ayrıca kalp ritmi ve dakika kalp atım sayısının yanısıra ekstremite derivasyonlarının tümünde P, QRS ve T dalgaları, PR aralığı ve QT aralığı süreleri hesaplandı. Her bir hayvan için I ve III. derivasyonlardaki net QRS kompleksi amplitüdünden ortalama elektriksel eksen belirlendi. Hayvanların çoğunda sinus ritmi bulundu. Dakika kalp atım sayısı ortalama 108,71±3,289, değişim aralığı ise 75-143 adet/dk olarak belirlendi. Ortalama elektriksel eksen -178° ile +170° arasında hesaplandı. Sonuç olarak, bu araştırmadan elde edilen bulguların Ankara keçilerine ait normal EKG değerleri ile ilgili bir referans olarak klinisyen ve araştırmacılara faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir.

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Effects of Maturational Changes Upon the Orientation of Auricular Activation Vector in Sheep

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

The normal electrocardiograms in the conscious newborn lambs in neonatal period and its progression

The normal electrocardiograms in the conscious newborn lambs in neonatal period and its progression

Bovine Vectocardiography: A Comparative Study Relative to the Validity of four Tridimensional Lead Systems

Some electrocardiographic values of Angora goats

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