Effects of Matte Grade on the Distribution of Minor Elements (Pb, Zn, As, Sb, and Bi) in the Bottom Blown Copper Smelting Process

Wang, Qinmeng; Guo, Xueyi; Tian, Qinghua; Jiang, Tao; Chen, Mao; Zhao, Baojun

doi:10.3390/met7110502

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Therefore, as shown in Figure 3c, the mass loss of this reaction was larger than those of FeS2 and PbS in front. The ΔG θ T values of reaction (11) were less than zero after 870 °C. As is well known, lime begins to decompose and its mass begins to decrease at approximately 1000 °C, which is the temperature that lime is burned in industrial production.…”

Section: Drr Of Sbmentioning

confidence: 87%

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Reaction Behaviors of Associated Minerals in Molten Salt Smelting of Stibnite and Kilogram-Class Trials

Ouyang

Tang

et al. 2019

Metals

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The molten salt metallurgy of Sb, which involves the smelting of stibnite in a binary NaCl-Na2CO3 salt with sulfur-fixing and the addition of a reductant, has been proposed as a clean method for Sb extraction. However, the reacting behaviors of the minerals associated with stibnite (Sb2S3) during the smelting are still unclear, and industrial tests have not been conducted. This study investigated the behaviors of PbS, FeS2, SiO2, and CaCO3, which are the main minerals associated with stibnite, during reducing smelting by using the NaCl-Na2CO3 molten salt. The results showed that PbS could react with Na2CO3 to generate metallic Pb at 950 °C. FeS2 and SiO2 formed stable NaFeS2 and Na2SiO3 with the molten salt at a high temperature, respectively. CaCO3 formed an unstable intermediate product of Na2Ca(CO3)2 at 675 °C and decomposed with increasing temperature. Kilogram-class trials were also performed using 50 kg of concentrate and more than 300 kg of mixture material, and the results showed that the direct recovery rate of Sb and Au reached maximum values of 93.22% and 92.06% at temperature 920 °C in eutectic Na2CO3-NaCl molten salt, respectively, while the total sulfur-fixing ratio reached 99.49%. Thus, the associated minerals consumed the molten salt, and the feasibility of molten salt smelting was verified by this kilogram-class pilot experiment.

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Section: Drr Of Sbmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In the field of pyrometallurgy, intensified smelting, using oxygen enrichment as an oxidant, was proposed to improve the traditional Sb extraction process [11][12][13]. These methods can improve the SO 2 concentration in the flue gas and allow it to meet the acid production requirement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaction Behaviors of Associated Minerals in Molten Salt Smelting of Stibnite and Kilogram-Class Trials

Ouyang

Tang

et al. 2019

Metals

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“…SKSSIM is an efficient simulation software for the SKS process, and it is based on the SKS smelting mechanism model [22] and the theory of Gibbs free energy minimization [23]. In the mechanism model, the SKS furnace is divided into seven functional layers from top to bottom and three functional regions along the length direction [21][22][23][24]. The particle swarm optimization algorithm, C# computer programming language, and Microsoft Visual Studio were used to develop the SKSSIM software.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The development process (including activity coefficient, Gibbs free energy including activity coefficient, Gibbs free energy, phase entrainment coefficient, model verification and modification) has been presented in detail in our previous work [23]. SKSSIM has been successfully validated by the actual production process in Fangyuan 1# smelter [21,23,24]. Therefore, SKSSIM is a convenient method to carry out this study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation Study and Industrial Application of Enhanced Arsenic Removal by Regulating the Proportion of Concentrates in the SKS Copper Smelting Process

Wang

Tian

et al. 2020

Processes

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Arsenic removal is a crucial issue in all copper smelters. Based on the Fangyuan 1# smelter, the effects of major elements (Cu, Fe and S) in sulfide concentrates on arsenic removal in the SKS copper smelting process were studied in this paper. The results show that Cu, Fe and S in concentrates have a significant influence on the oxygen/sulfur potential of smelting systems, and also affect the efficiency of arsenic removal. By regulating the proportion of the major elements in sulfide concentrates, the concentrate composition was changed from its original proportions (Cu 24.4%, Fe 26.8%, S 28.7%, and other 20%) to optimized proportions (Cu 19%, Fe 32%, S 29%, and other 20%). The distribution of arsenic among three phases in the original production process (gas 82.01%, slag 12.08%, matte 5.91%) was improved to obtain an optimal result (gas 94.37%, slag 3.45%, matte 2.18%). More arsenic was removed into the gas phase, and the mass fraction of arsenic in matte was reduced from 0.07% to 0.02%. The findings were applied to actual production processes in several other copper smelters, such as the Hengbang copper smelter, Yuguang smelter and Fangyuan 2# smelter. Therefore, the optimized result obtained in this work could provide direct guidance for actual production.

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“…Hence, it was inferred that the process entailed roasting of Sb 2 S 3 with sulfur-fixing and reductant to yield Sb metal and other sulfides at low temperature, following which the solid roasted products could be separated by beneficiation. Meanwhile, Pb and Zn smelters entail the production of large quantities of secondary ZnO ash (ZnO > 70%) [20,21], which are low in value and cannot return to the hydrometallurgical process of Zn because of corrosion compositions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase and Morphology Transformations in Sulfur-Fixing and Reduction Roasting of Antimony Sulfide

Ouyang

Tang

et al. 2019

Metals

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Metallurgical extraction of antimony (Sb) currently has the limitations of high energy consumption and adverse environmental impact. In this study, we proposed a cleaning process to extract Sb by metallurgy and beneficiation based on S-fixing and reduction roasting of Sb2S3. Metallic Sb can be obtained directly by using zinc oxide (ZnO) and carbon as sulfur-fixing and reducing agents, respectively, at 600–1000 °C, wherein S is fixed in the form of ZnS. The thermodynamic feasibility of the process of roasting and the effects of a range of process parameters on Sb generation were investigated comprehensively. The optimum conditions for metallic Sb generation were determined to be as follows: temperature of 800 °C, C powder size of 100–150 mesh, ZnO content of 1.1 times its stoichiometric requirement (α), and reaction time of 2 h. Under the optimum conditions, the proportion of Sb distributed in the metal phase reached 90.44% and the S-fixing rate reached 94.86%. The phase transformation of Sb progressed as follows: Sb2S3→Sb2O3→Sb. The Sb particle had mainly spherical and hexahedral morphologies after quenching and furnace cooling, and bonded little with ZnS. This research is potentially beneficial for the further design process of Sb powder and ZnS recovery by mineral separation.

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Effects of Matte Grade on the Distribution of Minor Elements (Pb, Zn, As, Sb, and Bi) in the Bottom Blown Copper Smelting Process

Cited by 24 publications

References 15 publications

Reaction Behaviors of Associated Minerals in Molten Salt Smelting of Stibnite and Kilogram-Class Trials

Reaction Behaviors of Associated Minerals in Molten Salt Smelting of Stibnite and Kilogram-Class Trials

Simulation Study and Industrial Application of Enhanced Arsenic Removal by Regulating the Proportion of Concentrates in the SKS Copper Smelting Process

Phase and Morphology Transformations in Sulfur-Fixing and Reduction Roasting of Antimony Sulfide

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