Effects of maternal treatment with β‐hydroxy‐β‐metylbutyrate and 2‐oxoglutaric acid on femur development in offspring of minks of the standard dark brown type

Abstract

SummaryThe aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the diet, mother type and sex of the offspring on the mechanical and geometric parameters of long bones as well as bone tissue density in minks. Primiparous and multiparous dams were supplemented with β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (a metabolite of leucine, at the daily dosage of 0.02 g/kg of body weight) and/or 2-oxoglutaric acid (a precursor of glutamine, at the daily dosage of 0.4 g/kg of body weight) during gestation. The diet did not influence bone tissue density and the length of the humerus. An increase in the length of the femur was noted in male offspring delivered by multiparous dams. The diet resulted in an increase in the weight of the humerus in males from multiparous dams and a decrease in offspring from primiparous dams. Heavier femora were noted in male offspring delivered by both types of dams. The maximum elastic strength of the humerus was higher in the offspring delivered by multiparous than primiparous dams, irrespective of the offspring sex. The diet resulted in reduction in the ultimate strength of the femur in the male offspring delivered by primiparous dams. Only females born by multiparous dams, irrespective of the diet, showed a significant increase in the cross-sectional area of the humerus, while a significant decline was noted in males delivered by multiparous dams and in all the offspring delivered by primiparous dams. An increase in the cross-sectional area of the femur was noted in the offspring delivered by multiparous dams, while reduction was observed in the offspring delivered by primiparous dams.These results have shown for the first time that the presence of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate or 2-oxoglutaric acid in the diet of pregnant primiparous or multiparous dams unambiguously affects the geometry and mechanical properties of offspring's long bones. K E Y W O R D Sβ-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate, 2-oxoglutaric acid, bone, mink

A metabolite of leucine (β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate) given to sows during pregnancy alters bone development of their newborn offspring by hormonal modulation

“…The regulation of foetal growth is complex and multifactorial. Diverse factors, including maternal and environmental factors, lead to altered intrauterine growth [51]. The mechanisms controlling intrauterine growth are incompletely understood, but an interaction of maternal, placental, and foetal endocrine factors is likely to govern partitioning of nutrients and the rate of foetal cell proliferation and maturation [50].…”

DON-induced changes in bone homeostasis in mink dams

“…The measurement of bone tissue density (BTD) was performed with an AccuPyc 1330 pycnometer (Micromeritics, USA) as it was described previously ( 22 , 26 ). The measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) was performed for the whole bone (as a total), and separately for the distal and proximal parts including both trabecular and cortical bone compartments, and the middle section of the midshaft.…”

“…Relative bone weight was calculated as a ratio of organ weight and body weight. The mechanical properties of the femur were determined using the three-point bending test of bone mid-diaphysis performed on a Zwick Z010 universal testing machine (Zwick GmbH Company KG, Germany), registering the relationship between force perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the bone and the resulting displacement ( 23 , 26 ). The distance between the supports was set at 40% of the total bone length.…”

Is Dietary 2-Oxoglutaric Acid Effective in Accelerating Bone Growth and Development in Experimentally-Induced Intrauterine Growth Retarded Gilts?

“…Connective tissue homeostasis, which is regulated by many factors, varies in prenatal and postnatal life and can be affected by several hormones and nutritional factors [21][22][23][24][25]. The quality of food consumed by pregnant dams, or by their offspring during postnatal life, plays an important role in fetal growth and the subsequent development of newborns.…”

“…The precursor of glutamine, proline, and hydroxyproline, 2-oxoglutaric acid (2-Ox), has been shown to have a protective effect against GC-induced prenatal programming of the intestine or bone development, including increases bone mass and the strength [11,19,[26][27][28][29]. This nutritive protective role of 2-Ox is known from in vitro, human, and animal model experiments [23,[30][31][32][33][34][35].…”