Effects of Long-Term Enclosed Environment on Human Health Based on the Analysis of Salivary Microbiota and Cytokines

Abstract

Long-term exposure to space environments may influence the human microbiome, the human immune system, and the intricate balance between the two, causing impaired immunity and increased disease susceptibility. It was previously believed that the main potential factors of long-term spaceflight on human health were microgravity and radiation.

Effect of the probiotic Weissella cibaria CMS1 on the immune response and the oral microbiome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study

“…This upregulation also leads to the secretion of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13 by Th2 cells, which in turn regulates humoral immunity and restricts the Th1 response. 23 TNF-α and IL-1β act as pro-inflammatory cytokines initiating the Fig. 5 (A) Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) analysis revealed significant bacterial differences between week 0 (negative score) and week 12 ( positive score).…”

“…This upregulation also leads to the secretion of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13 by Th2 cells, which in turn regulates humoral immunity and restricts the Th1 response. 23 TNF-α and IL-1β act as pro-inflammatory cytokines initiating the immune response, while IL-12 bridges innate and adaptive immunity by promoting Th1 responses and IFN-γ production. Meanwhile, IL-6 exhibits both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties, and IL-2 supports T cell proliferation, underscoring the intricate balance and coordination in immune responses mediated by TLRs.…”

Stress and motivation of cell processing operators: A pilot study of an online questionnaire survey

“…Therefore, understanding what stresses and motivates CPOs in their work environment is important in maintaining this human asset. For example, cell culture for clinical transplantation must be conducted in a clean room, a special closed environment [ 7 ]; however, working in a closed space is a major form of stress [ 8 , 9 ]. These stresses can lead to work errors, decreased satisfaction, and eventually turnover [ 10 , 11 ].…”