“…Possible side effects of lithotripsy include, for example, canine lung [109] and kidney [112,113,644] haemorrhage. Workers have researched the effect of lithotriptic exposure on the development of chick embyros [116], effects in canine [113,640] and piglet livers [114], and canine gall bladders [113,640]. Lithotriptic effects on the electrophysiological parameters across abdominal frog skin [645], where exposure to a single shock caused a reversible increase in the total ionic conductance and a decrease in the short circuit current, were similar to those found in a 1-MHz therapeutic ultrasound field [304], as discussed in section 5.2.4.…”