Effects of light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) on cardiopulmonary and hemodynamic adjustments during aerobic exercise and glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: A randomized, crossover, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial

Dose Response Effect of Photobiomodulation on Hemodynamic Responses and Glucose Levels in Men with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Trial

“…Blood samples were collected via earlobe puncture with a heparinized capillary, and deposited into microtubes (Eppendorf, 1.5 mL) containing 50 µl of 1% sodium fluoride (NaF) [29] to evaluate lactate and glucose levels baseline and after 1 min and 15 min of the PBM (active or sham). The samples were frozen at −20 • C before being homogenized and determined by a glucose and lactate analyzer (YSI-2300-STAT-Plus TM , Yellow Springs Instruments, Yellow Springs, OH, USA) [7,29]. The analyzer was calibrated following the manufacturer's recommended procedures.…”

“…Diet and lifestyle interventions remain the cornerstones in the management of T2DM. However, in recent years, studies have investigated the possibility of new therapy methods and identified the photobiomodulation (PBM) as a new interesting possibility [6,7]. Therefore, the concept and clinical importance of PBM have obtained notoriety in the scientific community over the past few years for being a non-invasive therapeutic modality that consists of the application of low-intensity light source to stimulate biological activities at the target tissue [8][9][10][11][12].…”

“…A previous randomized clinical trial from our groups [7] observed the acute effects of PBM using light emitting diodes (LEDs) (with a wavelength of 850 ± 20 nm) on the muscle oxygenation dynamics during transition from rest to exercise, and on fasting plasma glucose and lactate levels in individuals with T2DM. They identified that the combination of 150 Joules (J) of total energy per muscle with physical exercise was able to promote a significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose levels in post-exercise recovery [7].…”

“…As also previously showed, the effects of PBM have been widely studied in cell culture [13,14], animal models [12,[15][16][17], combining physical exercise [7,18] with muscle performance [19] and post-exercise recovery [19,20]. However, the effects of the different energies of PBM by LEDs on the cardiovascular and/or hemodynamic and metabolic systems in individuals with T2DM are still not clear, and the optimal doses have not yet been defined.…”

Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Glycemic and Lipid Profiles In Vitro

“…Established evidence of the effect of LED therapy on glucose levels exists, 23 suggesting a significant impact of electromagnetic waves on biologic materials. In our study, low-energy irradiation was used to investigate similar effects on both glucose and lipid profiles.…”